Dolores Shoback, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Authors | p. x |
Preface | p. xiv |
Introduction to Endocrinology | p. 1 |
The Endocrine System | p. 2 |
Hormones: Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, Juxtacrine, & Intracrine Actions | p. 3 |
Endocrine Organs | p. 3 |
Target Organs | p. 3 |
Hormone Receptors | p. 3 |
Chemical Composition of Hormones | p. 3 |
Relationships between Hormones & Other Signaling Molecules | p. 4 |
Neurotransmitters & Hormones | p. 4 |
Vitamins & Hormones | p. 5 |
Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins & Related Compounds | p. 5 |
Metabolites | p. 6 |
Oncogenes & Hormones | p. 6 |
The Immune System & Hormones | p. 6 |
Modulation of Hormone Levels | p. 6 |
Regulation of Hormone Production | p. 6 |
Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Hormone Release | p. 7 |
Hormone Transport in the Circulation | p. 9 |
Transport of Hormones across the Membrane | p. 10 |
Metabolism & Elimination of Hormones | p. 10 |
Mechanisms of Hormone Action | p. 12 |
Hormone Receptors | p. 12 |
Hormone Binding | p. 14 |
Hormone Effects on Receptor Activity | p. 14 |
Classes of Hormone Action | p. 14 |
Classification of Hormone Action by Receptor Type | p. 14 |
Classification of Hormone Action by Ligand Type | p. 15 |
Regulation of Hormone Responsiveness | p. 16 |
Regulation of Receptor Levels & Activities | p. 16 |
Hormone Responsiveness Is Regulated by Postreceptor Influences | p. 17 |
Combinatorial Interactions Influence Hormone Signaling in Different Ways | p. 17 |
Selective Modulation | p. 17 |
Evolution of the Endocrine System | p. 18 |
The Origins of Regulatory Chemicals & the Metabolic Code | p. 18 |
Evolution of Hormones & Receptors | p. 19 |
Evolution of Multiple Hormone Response Systems | p. 19 |
Evolution of Endocrine Glands | p. 19 |
Integrative Networks | p. 20 |
Endocrine & Nervous System Relationships: Neuroendocrinology | p. 20 |
Actions of Hormones | p. 21 |
Fetal Development | p. 21 |
Cell Growth & Cancer | p. 21 |
Intermediary Metabolism | p. 21 |
Mineral & Water Metabolism | p. 21 |
Cardiovascular & Renal Function | p. 22 |
Skeletal Function | p. 22 |
Reproductive Function | p. 22 |
Immune System | p. 22 |
Central Nervous System | p. 23 |
Recent Advances in Technology & Endocrinology | p. 23 |
Sequencing the Human Genome | p. 23 |
Genomics & Patterns of Transcription | p. 23 |
Proteomics | p. 23 |
Manipulating the Genome | p. 24 |
RNA Interference (RNAi) | p. 24 |
Stem Cells | p. 24 |
Molecular Basis of Genetic Endocrine Disease | p. 25 |
Disorders of the Endocrine System | p. 25 |
Endocrine Hypofunction | p. 26 |
Endocrine Hyperfunction | p. 27 |
Defects in Sensitivity to Hormones | p. 27 |
Syndromes of Hormone Excess Due to Exogenous Hormone | p. 29 |
Nonendocrine Problems Associated with Endocrine Disease | p. 29 |
Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disease | p. 29 |
History & Physical Examination | p. 29 |
Laboratory Studies | p. 29 |
Screening for Endocrine Diseases | p. 32 |
Treatment of Endocrine Diseases | p. 32 |
Uses of Hormones & Selective Modulators in Therapy of Nonendocrine Disease | p. 33 |
Mechanisms of Hormone Action | p. 35 |
Receptors | p. 36 |
Neurotransmitter & Peptide Hormone Receptors | p. 37 |
G Protein-Coupled Receptors | p. 37 |
G Protein Transducers | p. 39 |
Effectors | p. 39 |
Disorders of G Proteins and G Protein-Coupled Receptors | p. 41 |
Growth Factor Receptors | p. 44 |
Cytokine Receptors | p. 47 |
Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors | p. 47 |
Nuclear Action of Peptide Hormones | p. 49 |
Nuclear Receptors | p. 49 |
Steroid Receptor Family | p. 49 |
Thyroid Receptor Family | p. 52 |
Nongenomic Effects of the Steroid Hormones | p. 56 |
Steroid & Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resistance Syndromes | p. 57 |
Endocrine Autoimmunity | p. 59 |
Basic Immune Components & Mechanisms | p. 60 |
Immune Recognition & Response | p. 61 |
Tolerance | p. 64 |
Autoimmunity Is Multifactorial | p. 69 |
Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity | p. 69 |
Environmental Factors in Autoimmunity | p. 70 |
Single Gland Autoimmune Syndromes | p. 70 |
Autoimmune Aspects of Thyroid Disease | p. 71 |
Autoimmune Aspects of Type 1 Diabetes | p. 73 |
Autoimmune Aspects of Other Endocrinopathies | p. 75 |
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes | p. 76 |
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome I (APS-I) | p. 77 |
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome II (APS-II) | p. 78 |
Management of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes | p. 78 |
Poems Syndrome (Osteosclerotic Myeloma) | p. 79 |
Evidence-Based Endocrinology & Clinical Epidemiology | p. 80 |
Clinical Epidemiology | p. 80 |
Diagnostic Testing: Test Characteristics | p. 80 |
An Approach to Diagnosis in Practice | p. 86 |
Clinical Epidemiologic Principles Applied to Treatment Decisions | p. 88 |
Decision Analysis | p. 89 |
Other Aspects of Clinical Epidemiology | p. 93 |
Evidence-Based Endocrinology | p. 93 |
Translation of the Clinical Problem into Answerable Questions | p. 93 |
Finding the Best Evidence | p. 96 |
Appraising the Evidence for Its Validity & Usefulness | p. 96 |
Applying the Results in Practice & Evaluating Performance | p. 97 |
Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland | p. 101 |
Hypothalamic Hormones | p. 106 |
Anterior Pituitary Hormones | p. 113 |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone & Related Peptides | p. 113 |
Growth Hormone | p. 114 |
Prolactin | p. 118 |
Thyrotropin | p. 120 |
Gonadotropins: Luteinizing Hormone & Follicle-Stimulating Hormone | p. 121 |
Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | p. 123 |
Evaluation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | p. 123 |
Evaluation of Growth Hormone (GH) | p. 127 |
Evaluation of Prolactin (PRL) | p. 127 |
Evaluation of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | p. 127 |
Evaluation of LH & FSH | p. 127 |
Problems in Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | p. 128 |
Effects of Pharmacologic Agents on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function | p. 128 |
Endocrine Tests of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function | p. 129 |
Neuroradiologic Evaluation | p. 129 |
Pituitary & Hypothalamic Disorders | p. 131 |
Empty Sella Syndrome | p. 132 |
Hypothalamic Dysfunction | p. 133 |
Hypopituitarism | p. 134 |
Pituitary Adenomas | p. 140 |
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) | p. 157 |
Review of Normal Anatomy & Physiology | p. 157 |
Vasopressin Insufficiency: Diabetes Insipidus | p. 160 |
Excess Vasopressin: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) | p. 165 |
Oxytocin | p. 169 |
Parturition | p. 169 |
Lactation | p. 169 |
Growth | p. 171 |
Normal Growth | p. 171 |
Intrauterine Growth | p. 171 |
The Placenta | p. 172 |
Classic Hormones of Growth & Fetal Growth | p. 172 |
Growth Factors & Oncogenes in Fetal Growth | p. 172 |
Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Receptors, & Binding Proteins | p. 172 |
Insulin | p. 172 |
Epidermal Growth Factor | p. 173 |
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease | p. 174 |
Postnatal Growth | p. 174 |
Measurement of Growth | p. 183 |
Skeletal (Bone) Age | p. 186 |
Disorders of Growth | p. 186 |
Short Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes | p. 186 |
Short Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders | p. 193 |
Diagnosis of Short Stature | p. 204 |
Tall Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes | p. 205 |
Tall Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders | p. 206 |
The Thyroid Gland | p. 209 |
Embryology, Anatomy, & Histology | p. 210 |
Physiology | p. 210 |
Structure & Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones | p. 210 |
Iodine Metabolism | p. 212 |
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Secretion | p. 212 |
Abnormalities in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis & Release | p. 216 |
Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones | p. 219 |
Control of Thyroid Function & Hormone Action | p. 221 |
Physiologic Changes in Thyroid Function | p. 229 |
Thyroid Autoimmunity | p. 231 |
Tests of Thyroid Function | p. 232 |
Tests of Thyroid Hormones in Blood | p. 232 |
Assessment of Thyroid Iodine Metabolism & Biosynthetic Activity | p. 236 |
Thyroid Imaging | p. 237 |
Thyroid Ultrasonography & Other Imaging Techniques | p. 238 |
Thyroid Biopsy | p. 238 |
Test of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Actions | p. 239 |
Measurement of Thyroid Autoantibodies | p. 239 |
Disorders of the Thyroid | p. 239 |
Hypothyroidism | p. 240 |
Hyperthyroidism & Thyrotoxicosis | p. 248 |
Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes | p. 260 |
Nontoxic Goiter | p. 260 |
Thyroiditis | p. 263 |
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Thyroid Gland | p. 266 |
Thyroid Nodules & Thyroid Cancer | p. 267 |
Metabolic Bone Disease | p. 281 |
Cellular & Extracellular Calcium Metabolism | p. 281 |
Parathyroid Hormone | p. 282 |
Calcitonin | p. 288 |
Vitamin D | p. 288 |
How Vitamin D & PTH Control Mineral Homeostasis | p. 297 |
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid (MCT) | p. 297 |
Hypercalcemia | p. 299 |
Disorders Causing Hypercalcemia | p. 300 |
Treatment of Hypercalcemia | p. 310 |
Hypocalcemia | p. 310 |
Causes of Hypocalcemia | p. 312 |
Treatment of Hypocalcemia | p. 316 |
Bone Anatomy & Remodeling | p. 317 |
Functions of Bone | p. 317 |
Structure of Bone | p. 317 |
Bone Remodeling | p. 319 |
Osteoporosis | p. 320 |
Treatment of Osteoporosis | p. 325 |
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis | p. 330 |
Osteomalacia & Rickets | p. 331 |
Nephrotic Syndrome | p. 334 |
Hepatic Osteodystrophy | p. 335 |
Drug-Induced Osteomalacia | p. 335 |
Hypophosphatemic Disorders | p. 335 |
Calcium Deficiency | p. 337 |
Primary Disorders of the Bone Matrix | p. 337 |
Inhibitors of Mineralization | p. 338 |
Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) | p. 338 |
Renal Osteodystrophy | p. 342 |
Glucocorticoids & Adrenal Androgens | p. 346 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 346 |
Biosynthesis of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens | p. 348 |
Circulation of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens | p. 354 |
Metabolism of Cortisol & Adrenal Androgens | p. 354 |
Biologic Effects of Adrenal Steroids | p. 356 |
Glucocorticoids | p. 356 |
Adrenal Androgens | p. 363 |
Laboratory Evaluation | p. 363 |
Disorders of Adrenocortical Insufficiency | p. 367 |
Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease) | p. 367 |
Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency | p. 372 |
Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency | p. 373 |
Treatment of Adrenocortical Insufficiency | p. 375 |
Prognosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency | p. 378 |
Cushing's Syndrome | p. 378 |
Hirsutism & Virilism | p. 390 |
Incidental Adrenal Mass | p. 390 |
Glucocorticoid Therapy for Nonendocrine Disorders | p. 391 |
Endocrine Hypertension | p. 396 |
Hypertension of Adrenal Origin | p. 396 |
Synthesis, Metabolism, & Action of Mineralocorticoid Hormones | p. 396 |
Pathogenesis of Mineralocorticoid Hypertension | p. 398 |
Aldosterone & the Heart | p. 398 |
Primary Aldosteronism | p. 399 |
Syndromes Due to Excess Deoxycorticosterone Production | p. 404 |
Cushing's Syndrome | p. 406 |
Pseudohyperaldosteronism | p. 406 |
Type II Pseudohypoaldosteronism (Arnold-Healy-Gordon Syndrome) | p. 409 |
Hypertension of Renal Origin | p. 410 |
The Renin-Angiotensin System | p. 410 |
The Renin-Angiotensin System & Hypertension | p. 413 |
Other Hormone Systems & Hypertension | p. 417 |
Insulin | p. 417 |
Natriuretic Peptides | p. 418 |
Nitric Oxide | p. 418 |
Endothelin | p. 419 |
Kallikrein-Kinin System | p. 419 |
Other Hormones & Autacoids | p. 419 |
Sympathetic Nervous System | p. 419 |
Adrenal Medulla & Paraganglia | p. 421 |
History | p. 422 |
Anatomy | p. 423 |
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla | p. 424 |
Catecholamines | p. 424 |
Other Hormones Secreted by the Adrenal Medulla | p. 435 |
Disorders of Adrenal Medullary Function | p. 435 |
Adrenal Medullary Hypofunction (Epinephrine Deficiency) | p. 435 |
Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction | p. 437 |
Pheochromocytoma | p. 437 |
Testes | p. 470 |
Anatomy & Structure-Function Relationships | p. 470 |
Testes | p. 470 |
Accessory Structures | p. 472 |
Physiology of the Male Reproductive System | p. 472 |
Gonadal Steroids | p. 472 |
Control of Testicular Function | p. 475 |
Evaluation of Male Gonadal Function | p. 476 |
Clinical Evaluation | p. 476 |
Laboratory Tests of Testicular Function | p. 477 |
Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Male Gonadal Disorders | p. 479 |
Androgens | p. 479 |
Gonadotropins | p. 481 |
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone | p. 481 |
Clinical Male Gonadal Disorders | p. 481 |
Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis) | p. 482 |
Bilateral Anorchia (Vanishing Testes Syndrome) | p. 484 |
Leydig Cell Aplasia | p. 485 |
Cryptorchidism | p. 485 |
Noonan's Syndrome (Male Turner's Syndrome) | p. 487 |
Myotonic Dystrophy | p. 488 |
Adult Seminiferous Tubule Failure | p. 488 |
Adult Leydig Cell Failure (Andropause) | p. 490 |
Male Infertility | p. 490 |
Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence) | p. 493 |
Gynecomastia | p. 495 |
Testicular Tumors | p. 497 |
Female Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility | p. 502 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 502 |
Ovarian Steroidogenesis | p. 505 |
Physiology of Folliculogenesis & the Menstrual Cycle | p. 508 |
Menstrual Disturbances | p. 517 |
Amenorrhea | p. 517 |
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea | p. 520 |
Pituitary Amenorrhea | p. 522 |
Ovarian Amenorrhea | p. 524 |
Anovulation | p. 527 |
Obesity | p. 534 |
Outflow Tract Disorders | p. 536 |
Menopause | p. 537 |
Oocyte Depletion | p. 538 |
Endocrine System Changes with Aging | p. 539 |
Menopausal Consequences | p. 540 |
Infertility | p. 543 |
Diagnosis of Infertility | p. 543 |
Management of the Infertile Couple | p. 545 |
Contraception | p. 546 |
Oral Contraceptives | p. 546 |
Contraception: Long-Acting Contraceptives | p. 552 |
Emergency Contraception | p. 559 |
Disorders of Sexual Determination & Differentiation | p. 562 |
Normal Sex Differentiation | p. 562 |
Testicular & Ovarian Differentiation | p. 568 |
Psychosexual Differentiation | p. 574 |
Atypical Sex Differentiation | p. 574 |
Klinefelter's Syndrome and Its Variants: Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis | p. 574 |
Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: Turner's Syndrome & Its Variants | p. 577 |
Individuals with Both Ovarian and Testicular Tissue (True Hermaphroditism) | p. 583 |
Female Pseudohermaphroditism | p. 584 |
P450 Aromatase Deficiency | p. 590 |
Maternal Androgens & Progestogens | p. 591 |
Male Pseudohermaphroditism | p. 591 |
Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Males | p. 602 |
Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Females | p. 603 |
Management of Patients with Intersex Problems | p. 603 |
Puberty | p. 611 |
Physiology of Puberty | p. 611 |
Delayed Puberty or Absent Puberty (Sexual Infantilism) | p. 620 |
Precocious Puberty (Sexual Precocity) | p. 631 |
The Endocrinology of Pregnancy | p. 641 |
Conception & Implantation | p. 641 |
Fetal-Placental-Decidual Unit | p. 642 |
Polypeptide Hormones | p. 645 |
Steroid Hormones | p. 646 |
Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy | p. 647 |
Fetal Endocrinology | p. 651 |
Endocrine Control of Parturition | p. 652 |
Endocrinology of the Puerperium | p. 653 |
Endocrine Disorders & Pregnancy Pituitary Disorders | p. 655 |
Pregnancy & Breast Cancer | p. 656 |
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | p. 657 |
Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy | p. 658 |
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy | p. 659 |
Pancreatic Hormones & Diabetes Mellitus | p. 661 |
The Endocrine Pancreas | p. 662 |
Anatomy & Histology | p. 662 |
Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas | p. 662 |
Diabetes Mellitus | p. 672 |
Classification | p. 672 |
Diabetes Mellitus | p. 673 |
Diabetes | p. 675 |
Other Specific Types of Diabetes | p. 677 |
Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus | p. 680 |
Diabetes | p. 681 |
Diabetes | p. 681 |
Urinalysis | p. 682 |
Blood Glucose Testing | p. 683 |
Serum Ketone Determinations | p. 685 |
Glycated Hemoglobin Assays | p. 685 |
Lipoproteins in Diabetes | p. 686 |
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | p. 687 |
Insulin Levels | p. 687 |
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test | p. 687 |
Diet | p. 692 |
Agents for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia | p. 693 |
Insulin | p. 701 |
Steps in the Management of the Diabetic Patient | p. 707 |
Hypoglycemia | p. 713 |
Coma | p. 715 |
Specific Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | p. 727 |
Diabetic Patients Regulated by Diet Alone | p. 734 |
Diabetic Patients Taking Oral Hypoglycemic Agents | p. 734 |
Diabetic Patients Taking Insulin | p. 734 |
Hypoglycemic Disorders | p. 748 |
Pathophysiology of the Counterregulatory Response to Neuroglycopenia | p. 748 |
Classification of Hypoglycemic Disorders | p. 753 |
Clinical Presentation of Hypoglycemia | p. 754 |
Specific Hypoglycemic Disorders | p. 755 |
Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia with Hyperinsulinism | p. 755 |
Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia without Hyperinsulinism | p. 762 |
Nonfasting Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia) | p. 763 |
Congenital Hyperinsulinism | p. 764 |
Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism | p. 770 |
Atherosclerosis | p. 770 |
Overview of Lipid Transport | p. 771 |
Differentiation of Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism | p. 775 |
Clinical Descriptions of Primary & Secondary Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism | p. 777 |
Primary Hypertriglyceridemia | p. 777 |
Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia | p. 781 |
Familial Hypercholesterolemia | p. 783 |
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia | p. 784 |
Lp(a) Hyperlipoproteinemia | p. 784 |
Familial Ligand-Defective Apo B | p. 784 |
Cholesterol 7-[alpha]-Hydroxylase Deficiency | p. 784 |
Hypothyroidism | p. 784 |
Nephrosis | p. 784 |
Immunoglobulin Disorders | p. 785 |
Anorexia Nervosa | p. 785 |
Cholestasis | p. 785 |
Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of High-Density Lipoproteins | p. 785 |
Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of Apo B-Containing Lipoproteins | p. 787 |
The Lipodystrophies | p. 788 |
Rare Disorders | p. 788 |
Treatment of Hyperlipidemia | p. 789 |
Bile Acid Sequestrants | p. 791 |
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) | p. 792 |
Fibric Acid Derivatives | p. 792 |
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | p. 793 |
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | p. 793 |
Combined Drug Therapy | p. 794 |
Obesity & Overweight | p. 796 |
Clarification of Uncertainties Regarding the Pathogenesis of Obesity | p. 807 |
Survey of Treatment Approaches & Their Efficacy | p. 808 |
Diet & Exercise | p. 808 |
Exercise | p. 810 |
Surgical Treatment of Obesity | p. 810 |
Pharmacologic Therapies | p. 810 |
Other Conditions Affected by Treatment of Obesity or Overweight | p. 813 |
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | p. 813 |
Hyperlipidemia | p. 813 |
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | p. 813 |
Hypertension | p. 813 |
Gallstones | p. 815 |
Sleep Apnea | p. 815 |
Osteoarthritis & Other Weight-Sensitive States | p. 815 |
A Systematic Approach to the Treatment of Obesity | p. 815 |
Humoral Manifestations of Malignancy | p. 817 |
Ectopic Hormone & Receptor Syndromes | p. 817 |
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy | p. 818 |
Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome | p. 821 |
Syndrome of Inappropriate Anridiuretic Hormone Secretion | p. 824 |
Non-Islet Cell Tumors & Hypoglycemia | p. 825 |
Other Hormones Secreted by Tumors | p. 826 |
Oncogenic Osteomalacia | p. 827 |
Gut Hormones | p. 828 |
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia | p. 831 |
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (Men 1) | p. 831 |
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (Men 2) | p. 836 |
Other Disorders Characterized by Multiple Endocrine Organ Involvement | p. 841 |
Geriatric Endocrinology | p. 844 |
Thyroid Function & Disease | p. 844 |
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland | p. 845 |
Carbohydrate Intolerance & Diabetes Mellitus | p. 849 |
Aging & the Physiology of Carbohydrate Intolerance | p. 849 |
Diabetes Mellitus | p. 849 |
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma | p. 852 |
Osteoporosis & Calcium Homeostasis | p. 853 |
Osteoporosis | p. 853 |
Hyperparathyroidism | p. 860 |
Changes in Water Balance | p. 861 |
Hypernatremia | p. 861 |
Hyponatremia | p. 861 |
Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism | p. 862 |
Glucocorticoids & Stress | p. 862 |
Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis | p. 862 |
Changes in Reproductive Function in Men | p. 863 |
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | p. 865 |
Endocrine Emergencies | p. 868 |
Myxedema Coma | p. 868 |
Thyroid Storm | p. 870 |
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis | p. 871 |
Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis | p. 872 |
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency | p. 873 |
Pituitary Apoplexy | p. 874 |
Diabetic Ketoacidosis | p. 875 |
Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma | p. 879 |
Hypercalcemic Crisis | p. 882 |
Acute Hypocalcemia | p. 884 |
Hyponatremia | p. 886 |
Diabetes Insipidus | p. 889 |
AIDS Endocrinopathies | p. 894 |
Thyroid Disorders | p. 894 |
Adrenal Disorders | p. 896 |
Bone & Mineral Disorders | p. 898 |
Gonadal Disorders | p. 900 |
Pituitary Disorders | p. 901 |
Lipid Disorders | p. 904 |
Conclusion | p. 908 |
Endocrine Surgery | p. 911 |
The Thyroid Gland | p. 911 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 911 |
Developmental Thyroid Abnormalities | p. 911 |
Hyperthyroidism | p. 912 |
Thyroiditis | p. 913 |
Goiter (Nontoxic) | p. 913 |
Thyroid Nodules | p. 913 |
Thyroid Cancer | p. 914 |
Conduct of Thyroidectomy | p. 916 |
The Parathyroid Gland | p. 917 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 917 |
Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) | p. 919 |
Persistent & Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism | p. 922 |
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | p. 922 |
Special Consideration: Familial Hyperparathyroidism | p. 923 |
Complications of Parathyroid Surgery | p. 923 |
The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland | p. 923 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 923 |
Primary Hyperaldosteronism | p. 924 |
Hypercortisolism | p. 924 |
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma | p. 925 |
Sex Steroid Excess | p. 925 |
Pheochromocytoma | p. 925 |
Adrenal Incidentaloma | p. 926 |
Technique of Adrenalectomy | p. 927 |
The Endocrine Pancreas | p. 927 |
Embryology & Anatomy | p. 927 |
Insulinoma | p. 927 |
Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome) | p. 929 |
VIPoma (Verner-Morrison) Syndrome | p. 930 |
Glucagonoma | p. 930 |
Somatostatinoma | p. 930 |
Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Tumors | p. 930 |
Normal Hormone Reference Ranges | p. 933 |
Index | p. 958 |
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