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Preface | p. ix |
Introducing Linguistic Anthropology | p. 1 |
Why Should We Study Language? Language in Daily Life | p. 1 |
Modern Myths Concerning Languages | p. 3 |
Brief History of Anthropology | p. 9 |
Anthropology, Linguistics, and Linguistic Anthropology | p. 13 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 15 |
Methods of Linguistic Anthropology | p. 17 |
Contrasting Linguistics with Linguistic Anthropology | p. 17 |
The Fieldwork Component | p. 19 |
A Checklist for Research in the Field | p. 27 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 30 |
Language Is Sound: Phonology | p. 31 |
The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech | p. 33 |
Articulation of Speech Sounds | p. 36 |
From Phones to Phonemes | p. 41 |
Phonemes of English | p. 45 |
Prosodic Features | p. 47 |
Etics and Ernics | p. 49 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 52 |
Structure of Words and Sentences | p. 53 |
Morphemes and Allomorphs | p. 54 |
Morphological Processes | p. 58 |
Morphophonemics | p. 61 |
The Sentence as a Unit of Analysis | p. 63 |
Inflections and Word Order | p. 66 |
Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar | p. 67 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 70 |
Nonverbal Communication | p. 73 |
Paralinguistics | p. 75 |
Kinesics | p. 76 |
Proxemios | p. 78 |
Whistle "Languages," | p. 81 |
Sign Languages | p. 82 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 86 |
The Development and Evolution of Language | p. 87 |
Communication and Its Channels | p. 87 |
Communication Among Social Insects | p. 89 |
Communication Among Nonhuman Primates and Other Vertebrates | p. 92 |
When Does a Communication System Become Language? | p. 96 |
Milestones in Human Evolution | p. 97 |
Design Features of Language | p. 101 |
Language as an Evolutionary Product | p. 105 |
Monogenesis Versus Polygenesis | p. 108 |
Estimating the Age of Language: Linguistic Considerations | p. 110 |
Estimating the Age of Language: The View from Prehistory | p. 112 |
Estimating the Age of Language: Evidence from Anatomy | p. 114 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 116 |
Acquiring Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More | p. 119 |
The First Steps of Language Acquisition in Childhood | p. 119 |
Theories of Language Acquisition | p. 121 |
Language and the Brain | p. 126 |
Bilingual and Multilingual Brains | p. 128 |
The Social Aspects of Multilingualism | p. 130 |
Code-Switchingj Code-Mixing, and Diglossia | p. 135 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 137 |
Language Through Time | p. 141 |
How Languages Are Classified | p. 141 |
Internal and External Changes | p. 145 |
How and Why Sound Changes Occur | p. 148 |
Reconstructing Frotolanguages | p. 151 |
Reconstructing the Ancestral Homeland | p. 154 |
Reconstructing a Protoculture | p. 158 |
Trying to Date the Past: Glottochronology | p. 161 |
Time Perspective in Culture | p. 164 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 166 |
Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact | p. 169 |
Idiolects | p. 169 |
Dialects | p. 170 |
Styles | p. 171 |
Language Contact | p. 172 |
Pidgins | p. 174 |
From Pidgins to Creoles | p. 176 |
Language Contact in the Contemporary World | p. 180 |
The World of Languages | p. 182 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 184 |
Ethnography of Communication | p. 185 |
Speech Community and Related Concepts | p. 186 |
Units of Speech Behavior | p. 188 |
Components of Communication | p. 189 |
Subanun Drinking Talk | p. 197 |
Attitudes Toward the Use of Speech | p. 198 |
Recent Trends in the Ethnography of Speaking | p. 202 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 203 |
Culture as Cognition, Culture as Categorization: Meaning and Language in the Conceptual World | p. 205 |
Concepts, Words, and Categories | p. 209 |
The Lexical Nature of Concepts | p. 211 |
The Rise and (Relative) Fall of Ethnoscience | p. 215 |
Sound Symbolism and Synesthesia | p. 220 |
Studies of Discourse | p. 222 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 224 |
Language, Culture, and Thought | p. 225 |
The Stimulus of Sapir's Writings | p. 226 |
The Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism | p. 228 |
Whorf s Hypothesis Reconsidered | p. 232 |
Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity | p. 239 |
Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity | p. 247 |
Future Tests of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism | p. 251 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 254 |
Language and Ideology: Variations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality | p. 257 |
Language, Social Class, and Identity | p. 258 |
Language and Gender | p. 261 |
Language, "Race," and Ethnicity | p. 273 |
Language and Nationality | p. 282 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 289 |
Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World | p. 291 |
Language Planning | p. 292 |
Literacy, Writing, and Education | p. 294 |
The Life and Death of Languages | p. 297 |
Intercultural Communication and Translation | p. 302 |
Language and the Law | p. 309 |
English as an International Language | p. 314 |
Always On: New Literacies and Language in an Online Global World | p. 315 |
Ethical Questions and Standards of Conduct | p. 322 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 324 |
Resource Manual and Study Guide | p. 327 |
Answers to the Objective Study Questions and Problems | p. 371 |
Glossary | p. 377 |
Bibliography | p. 389 |
Languages Mentioned in the Text and Their Locations (Map) | p. 419 |
Index | p. 423 |
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