9780415270717

List of figures

List of tables

xvi

List of boxes

xviii

Foreword

xix

Authors' preface

xxi

Personal acknowledgements

xxii

Illustrations acknowledgements

xxiii

Conversion factors for commonly used units

xxvii

Part I Assessing the evidence

(52)

Introduction

(14)

Early observations

(1)

Modern trends

(2)

Physical activity levels in populations

(6)

Temporal changes in physical activity

(1)

National surveys of fitness

(1)

Definitions of key terms

(1)

Summary

(1)

Study tasks

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further reading

(1)

Nature of the evidence

(19)

Introduction

(1)

What is epidemiology?

(5)

Assessment of physical activity and fitness in epidemiology

(4)

Laboratory-based research

(3)

Error: nature, sources and implications

(3)

Establishing causality

(1)

Summary

(1)

Study tasks

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further reading

(1)

Physical activity and total mortality

(17)

Introduction

(1)

Physical activity and all-cause mortality

(1)

Physical fitness and all-cause mortality

(3)

Changes in physical activity and all-cause mortality

(2)

Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality

(1)

Physical fitness, body composition and all-cause mortality

(4)

Exercise for longevity

(2)

Summary

(1)

Study tasks

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Part II Effects of physical activity on the risk of disease

(134)

Cardiovascular disease

(21)

Introduction

(1)

What is cardiovascular disease?

(2)

Atherosclerosis

(1)

Epidemiology of physical activity and CHD

(6)

Epidemiology of fitness and CHD

(2)

Changes in physical activity or fitness and CHD

(2)

Dose-response: what level of activity or fitness confers protection against CHD?

(1)

Are physical inactivity and low fitness causal factors for CHD?

(1)

Stroke

(2)

Hypertension

(1)

Summary

(1)

Study tasks

(1)

Notes

(1)

Further reading

(1)

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

(17)

Introduction

(1)

CVD risk factors

(1)

Lipoprotein metabolism

(7)

Blood pressure

(3)

Endothelial function

(1)

Coagulation and fibrinolysis

(2)

Insulin resistance

(1)

Overweight and obesity

(1)

Summary

(1)

Study tasks

(1)

Further reading

(2)

Type 2 diabetes

(21)

Introduction

(1)

Types of diabetes

(1)

Aetiology of type 2 diabetes

(4)

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes

(1)

Obesity and type 2 diabetes

(3)

Evidence that physical activity prevents type 2 diabetes

101

(7)

Mechanisms of interaction between exercise and type 2 diabetes

108

(3)

Summary

111

(1)

Study tasks

112

(1)

Further reading

112

(2)

Obesity and energy balance

114

(17)

Introduction

114

(1)

Definition of obesity

115

(2)

Prevalence of obesity

117

(2)

Health risks of obesity

119

(1)

Genetic influence on obesity

120

(2)

Energy balance and obesity

122

(1)

Exercise, resting metabolic rate and obesity

123

(3)

Physical inactivity as a cause of obesity

126

(3)

Summary

129

(1)

Study tasks

129

(1)

Further reading

129

(2)

Insulin resistance syndrome

131

(16)

Introduction

131

(1)

Definition of the insulin resistance syndrome

132

(1)

Prevalence

133

(1)

Abnormalities associated with insulin resistance

133

(4)

Influence of physical activity

137

(4)

Exercise and postprandial lipoprotein metabolism

141

(3)

Prevention

144

(1)

Summary

145

(1)

Study tasks

146

(1)

Notes

146

(1)

Further reading

146

(1)

Cancer

147

(18)

Introduction

147

(1)

Carcinogenesis

148

(2)

Physical activity and colorectal cancer

150

(4)

Physical activity and breast cancer

154

(2)

Physical activity and other cancers

156

(1)

Potential mechanisms

157

(4)

Population-attributable risk

161

(1)

Summary

162

(1)

Study tasks

163

(1)

Notes

163

(1)

Further reading

163

(1)

Web-based resources

164

(1)

Skeletal health

165

(22)

Introduction

165

(1)

Biology of bone

166

(3)

Bone mineral density

169

(1)

Adaptation to load-bearing

169

(3)

Osteoporosis: definition, consequences and prevalence

172

(2)

Physical activity and risk of hip fracture

174

(1)

BMD and physical activity

175

(7)

Physical activity and risk of falls

182

(1)

Preventive possibilities

183

(1)

Summary

184

(1)

Study tasks

184

(1)

Notes

185

(1)

Further reading

185

(2)

Part III Ageing, therapeutic exercise and public health

187

(70)

Exercise and ageing

189

(15)

Introduction

189

(1)

Decline in functional capacities with ageing

190

(4)

Exercise training and functional capacity in older individuals

194

(5)

Exercise, ageing and independent living

199

(1)

Intervention trials of physical activity in the elderly

200

(2)

Summary

202

(1)

Study tasks

203

(1)

Further reading

203

(1)

Therapeutic exercise

204

(21)

Introduction

204

(1)

Cardiac disease

205

(5)

Claudication

210

(1)

Hypertension

210

(1)

Type 2 diabetes

211

(4)

Obesity

215

(3)

Respiratory diseases

218

(3)

Mental illness

221

(1)

Other conditions

221

(1)

Summary

222

(1)

Study tasks

223

(1)

Notes

223

(1)

Further reading

224

(1)

Hazards of exercise

225

(16)

Introduction

225

(1)

Musculo-skeletal injuries

226

(3)

Triggering of heart attack, sudden cardiac death

229

(2)

Menstrual dysfunction: causes, consequences and correlates

231

(5)

Upper respiratory tract infection and impaired immune function

236

(2)

Prevention

238

(1)

Summary

239

(1)

Study tasks

239

(1)

Further reading

240

(1)

Physical activity, fitness and public health

241

(16)

Introduction

241

(2)

Recommendations for physical activity

243

(6)

Changing physical activity behaviours

249

(1)

Benefits versus risks

250

(1)

Walking as the basis of public health strategy

251

(2)

A `best buy in public health'?

253

(1)

Summary

254

(1)

Study tasks

255

(1)

Notes

256

(1)

Further reading

256

(1)

Glossary

257

(7)

Bibliography

264

(21)

Index

285

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Physical Activity and Health: An Evidence-Based Assessment

0415270715

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