Preface

About the Authors

xxi

Political Philosophy: Introducing the Challenge

(17)

Introduction

(1)

Origins of Western Political Thought

(1)

Common Treatment, Diverse Results

(2)

Comparing Political Philosophers

(3)

The Individual and the Collective

(1)

Family and Gender Roles

(3)

Comparison of Roles and Natures of Men and Women

(1)

Role of the Family in Political Thinking

(1)

Development of Political Philosophy over Time

(1)

Techniques for Reconciling Conflict between Beliefs

(3)

Descriptive and Prescriptive Statements

(1)

Concept Clarification

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(2)

Additional Readings

(1)

PART ONE ANCIENT POLITICAL THOUGHT

The Playwrights of Athens: Sophocles and Aristophanes

(14)

Introduction

(2)

Antigone

(6)

Lysistrata

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Plato: Advocating Justice

(14)

Introduction

(2)

Plato's Method

(2)

Knowledge and Justice

(1)

Human Nature

(1)

The Ideal State

(4)

The Need for Specialization

(1)

Class Structure and Functions

(2)

Education and Censorship

(1)

The Role of Women

(1)

Inevitable Decline of the Ideal State

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Notes

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Aristotle: Endorsing Community

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Aristotle's Method

(1)

Happiness, Values, and Human Nature

(1)

Political Economy

(1)

Community

(3)

Household, Wife, Woman, and Slave

(1)

Village

(1)

Polis

(1)

Political Form of the Polis

(3)

Political Change

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Notes

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Cicero and Roman Political Thought: The Transformation of the Political

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Stoicism

(1)

Differences between Greek and Roman Political Thought

(2)

Cicero

(5)

The Commonwealth

(2)

Law and Justice

(1)

Public and Private Virtues

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

PART TWO MEDIEVAL POLITICAL THOUGHT

Paul and Augustine: Emergence of the Christian Political World

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Human Nature and Christian Equality

(1)

Rome and Christianity

(1)

St. Augustine and Transformation of Christian Politics

(5)

Adam, Eve, and Human Nature

(1)

Government and Political Order: Emergence of the Two Cities

(1)

Human Nature, History, and the True Republic

(1)

Implications of the Doctrine of the Two Cities

(1)

Faith versus Reason

(1)

Women, Family, and Sexual Desire

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(2)

Additional Readings

(1)

John of Salisbury and Aquinas: Diversity and Unity in the Medieval Political World

(12)

Introduction

(3)

John of Salisbury

(2)

Aristotle and the Late Middle Ages

(1)

Thomas Aquinas

(4)

Human Nature and Society

(1)

Types of Law

(1)

Kingship, Tyranny, and the Family

(1)

Church/State Relations and Tolerance

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Dante and Marsilius: The End of Medieval Political Unity

(8)

Introduction

(1)

Dante

(3)

Human Nature

(1)

Political Society

(1)

Source of Secular Authority

(1)

Marsilius of Padua

100

(2)

Structure and Laws of the State

100

(1)

Church-State Conflict

101

(1)

Conclusion

102

(1)

Notes

103

(1)

Additional Readings

104

(1)

PART THREE MODERN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Machiavelli: Escaping Anarchy

105

(21)

Introduction

105

(2)

Style, Substance, and Goals

107

(1)

Machiavelli's Method

108

(1)

Human Nature

109

(1)

Power

110

(2)

Elites and Masses

112

(1)

Fortune and Virtue

113

(1)

Gender

114

(1)

Liberty and War

115

(1)

Forms of Government

116

(5)

Republics

117

(1)

Tyrannies

117

(2)

Constitutional Rule: Monarchies and Republics

119

(1)

Nation-States

120

(1)

Conclusion

121

(2)

Notes

123

(1)

Additional Readings

124

(2)

Luther and Calvin: The Religious Basis of Modern Political Thought

126

(12)

Introduction

126

(2)

The Protestant Reformation

128

(1)

Martin Luther

128

(4)

Theology

128

(2)

Political Implications

130

(2)

John Calvin

132

(3)

Background

132

(1)

Political Theology

132

(3)

Women and the Protestant Reformation

135

(1)

Conclusion

136

(1)

Notes

136

(1)

Additional Readings

137

(1)

Copernicus, Bacon, Descartes, and Newton: The Scientific Basis of Modern Politics

138

(12)

Introduction

138

(1)

NIcholas Copernicus

139

(3)

Francis Bacon

142

(2)

Rene Descartes

144

(2)

Isaac Newton

146

(1)

Women and the Scientific Revolution

147

(1)

Conclusion

147

(1)

Notes

148

(1)

Additional Readings

149

(1)

Hobbes: Securing Peace

150

(16)

Introduction

150

(2)

Hobbes's Method

152

(1)

Human Nature

153

(1)

State of Nature

154

(1)

Basis of Government and Political Obligation

155

(2)

Sovereign Authority

157

(1)

Natural and Civil Law

158

(1)

Liberty

159

(1)

Citizenship, Class, and Gender

160

(2)

Forms of Governement

162

(1)

Conclusion

162

(1)

Notes

163

(2)

Additional Readings

165

(1)

Locke: Protecting Property

166

(16)

Introduction

166

(1)

Locke's Method

167

(1)

Human Nature

168

(1)

State of Nature

169

(2)

Labor Theory of Estate

169

(2)

Natural Law

171

(1)

State of War

171

(1)

Basis of Government

172

(1)

Religious Toleration

173

(1)

Gender, Class, and Citizenship

174

(2)

Institutions and Forms of Government

176

(1)

Depostism and Revolution

177

(1)

Conclusion

178

(1)

Notes

179

(2)

Additional Readings

181

(1)

Rousseau: Establishing Democracy

182

(21)

Introduction

182

(1)

Rousseau's Method

183

(1)

State of Nature and Human Nature

184

(4)

Path to Liberation

188

(1)

The Social Contract

188

(4)

The General Will

190

(1)

Voting and Counting Votes

191

(1)

Rights of Members

192

(1)

Citizenship, Gender, and Education

192

(3)

Freedom and Force

194

(1)

Necessary Conditions for Securing a Contract

195

(2)

The Legislator

196

(1)

The Civil Religion

196

(1)

Geography and Wealth

197

(1)

Executive Institutions

197

(1)

Forms of Government

198

(1)

Conclusion

199

(1)

Notes

200

(2)

Additional Readings

202

(1)

Mary Wollstonecraft: Origins of Modern Feminism

203

(12)

Introduction

203

(2)

Background and Themes

205

(1)

Human Nature

206

(3)

Women, Aristocrats, and the Corruption of Civilization

209

(1)

Duties and Benefits of Educated Women

210

(2)

Conclusion

212

(1)

Notes

213

(1)

Additional Readings

214

(1)

Hume, Burke, and Kant: Critics and Defenders of the Enlightenment

215

(13)

Introduction

215

(1)

David Hume

216

(3)

Edmund Burke

219

(2)

Immanuel Kant

221

(3)

Conclusion

224

(1)

Notes

225

(2)

Additional Readings

227

(1)

Mill: Grounding Liberty

228

(17)

Introduction

228

(1)

Utilitarianism

228

(2)

Mill's Revision of Utilitarian Method

230

(1)

Human Nature

231

(1)

Tyranny of the Majority

232

(1)

Liberty

233

(2)

Benefits of Liberty

234

(1)

Spheres of Liberty

235

(1)

Truth

235

(1)

Limited Government

236

(1)

Political Economy

237

(1)

Women, Politics, and the Family

238

(1)

Representative Government

239

(2)

Structure and Role of Government

241

(1)

Conclusion

242

(1)

Notes

243

(1)

Additional Readings

244

(1)

Marx: Revealing History's Meaning

245

(21)

Introduction

245

(1)

Marx's Problem

246

(3)

Method: From Hegel to Marx

249

(2)

Stages of History

251

(4)

Prehistory

252

(1)

Precapitalism

253

(1)

Capitalism

254

(1)

Poverty and Alienation

255

(2)

Scientific Socialism

257

(1)

Gender and the Family

258

(1)

The Future

259

(3)

Conclusion

262

(1)

Notes

263

(2)

Additional Readings

265

(1)

PART FOUR POSTMODERN POLITICAL THOUGHT

Freud and Nietzsche: The End of Reason

266

(17)

Introduction

266

(1)

Sigmund Freud

267

(3)

Endless Human Misery

267

(1)

Costs of Civilization

268

(2)

Friedrich Nietzsche

270

(3)

Human Nature and the Transvaluation of Values

271

(1)

Crisis of Modernity

271

(2)

Nietzsche, Freud, and the Origins of Postmodern Politics

273

(2)

Feminism and Postmodern Politics

275

(2)

Conclusion

277

(2)

Notes

279

(2)

Additional Readings

281

(2)

Index

283

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