Top
| List of tables | p. xiii |
| Preface | p. xv |
| Cosmic rays | p. 1 |
| What are cosmic rays? | p. 1 |
| Objective of this book | p. 2 |
| Types of cosmic ray experiment | p. 3 |
| Composition | p. 6 |
| Energy spectra | p. 8 |
| Energy density of cosmic rays | p. 11 |
| Particle physics | p. 13 |
| Beta-decay, a helpful example | p. 13 |
| Unity of forces among elementary particles | p. 16 |
| Dynamical evidence for pointlike quarks | p. 17 |
| Phenomenology of strong interactions | p. 21 |
| Cascade equations | p. 27 |
| Transport equation for nucleons | p. 27 |
| Boundary conditions | p. 29 |
| Elementary solutions | p. 30 |
| Approximation A | p. 30 |
| Fluxes of neutrons and protons | p. 32 |
| Coupled cascade equations | p. 33 |
| The atmosphere | p. 34 |
| Meson fluxes | p. 35 |
| Hadrons and photons | p. 39 |
| Meson decay | p. 39 |
| Fluxes of hadrons and photons | p. 42 |
| Emulsion chambers | p. 45 |
| Direct measurements | p. 46 |
| Large emulsion chambers | p. 48 |
| Accelerator data | p. 51 |
| Hadronic cross sections | p. 52 |
| Nuclear cross sections | p. 54 |
| Inclusive cross sections | p. 58 |
| Minijet model | p. 63 |
| Spectrum weighted moments | p. 65 |
| Inelasticity | p. 67 |
| Muons | p. 69 |
| Muons in the atmosphere | p. 69 |
| Relation to primary energy | p. 72 |
| Muon charge ratio | p. 74 |
| Passage of muons through matter | p. 75 |
| Muons underground | p. 77 |
| Depth-intensity relation | p. 77 |
| Energy spectrum underground | p. 78 |
| Prompt muons | p. 81 |
| Neutrinos | p. 85 |
| Fluxes | p. 86 |
| Neutrinos from pions and kaons | p. 88 |
| Neutrinos from decay of muons | p. 89 |
| Flux of neutrinos from [pi] --] [mu] --] [nu] | p. 92 |
| Atmospheric neutrinos | p. 94 |
| Calculated fluxes | p. 95 |
| Contained events | p. 97 |
| Neutrino ratios and oscillations | p. 98 |
| Neutrino-induced muons | p. 105 |
| Calculation of rates | p. 106 |
| Muons from atmospheric neutrinos | p. 111 |
| Astrophysical neutrinos | p. 112 |
| Propagation | p. 115 |
| Transport equation | p. 115 |
| The Galaxy | p. 117 |
| Models of propagation | p. 118 |
| Leaky box model | p. 119 |
| Nested leaky box model | p. 122 |
| Closed galaxy model | p. 122 |
| Diffusion models | p. 123 |
| Gamma rays and antiprotons | p. 127 |
| Overview | p. 128 |
| Source functions | p. 128 |
| Kinematics | p. 130 |
| Diffuse gamma rays and neutrinos | p. 134 |
| Bremsstrahlung | p. 134 |
| Nuclear interactions | p. 135 |
| Observations | p. 138 |
| Antiprotons | p. 139 |
| Secondary antiprotons and observations | p. 140 |
| Models with enhanced p flux | p. 143 |
| Acceleration | p. 147 |
| Power | p. 148 |
| Shock acceleration | p. 149 |
| Fermi mechanism | p. 149 |
| 1st and 2nd order Fermi acceleration | p. 150 |
| Magnetic field geometry | p. 156 |
| Supernova blast waves | p. 157 |
| Maximum energy | p. 157 |
| Maximum energy for electrons | p. 159 |
| Composition and spectral shape | p. 160 |
| Acceleration to ] 100 TeV | p. 161 |
| Diffuse sources | p. 161 |
| Point sources | p. 162 |
| Power required for ] 100 TeV | p. 163 |
| New supernova remnants | p. 165 |
| Binary stars as cosmic accelerators | p. 169 |
| Shock in accretion flow | p. 171 |
| Disk dynamo | p. 172 |
| Pulsar wind shock | p. 173 |
| Turbulent reconnection | p. 175 |
| Hercules X-1 and Cygnus X-3 | p. 175 |
| Astrophysical beam dumps | p. 177 |
| Nature of the data | p. 178 |
| X-ray binaries | p. 178 |
| A very young supernova | p. 179 |
| Possible beam dump configurations | p. 180 |
| Luminosity at the source | p. 182 |
| Production and absorption of neutrinos | p. 184 |
| Ratio of [nu] to [gamma] | p. 186 |
| High energy [nu]-astronomy | p. 188 |
| Neutron astronomy | p. 191 |
| Air showers | p. 193 |
| Particle content | p. 193 |
| Types of experiment | p. 194 |
| Air Cherenkov experiments | p. 194 |
| Classic air shower experiments | p. 196 |
| Signal to noise for point sources | p. 198 |
| Fly's Eye experiment | p. 199 |
| Basic features of cascades | p. 200 |
| General form of solution | p. 200 |
| Toy model | p. 201 |
| Nuclear primaries | p. 202 |
| Coincident multiple energetic muons | p. 205 |
| Number of high energy muons | p. 206 |
| Muon bundles underground | p. 207 |
| Sensitivity to composition | p. 209 |
| Electromagnetic cascades | p. 213 |
| Pair production and bremsstrahlung | p. 214 |
| Cascade equations | p. 216 |
| Power law solutions | p. 217 |
| Electromagnetic air showers | p. 219 |
| Approximations for total number of particles | p. 224 |
| Fluctuations | p. 225 |
| Lateral spread | p. 225 |
| Cosmic ray showers | p. 227 |
| Muons in air showers | p. 228 |
| Total N[subscript [mu]] above 1 GeV | p. 229 |
| Lateral distributions of muons | p. 233 |
| Relation of N[subscript e] to E[subscript 0] | p. 234 |
| Lateral distribution of charged particles | p. 234 |
| Method of constant intensity cuts | p. 236 |
| Relation between size at maximum and E[subscript 0] | p. 238 |
| Primary spectrum 10[superscript 15]-10[superscript 18] eV | p. 240 |
| Primary composition 10[superscript 15]-10[superscript 18] eV | p. 242 |
| Muons in electromagnetic cascades | p. 244 |
| Conventional expectation | p. 245 |
| Enhancing the muon content | p. 247 |
| Simulation techniques | p. 249 |
| Monte Carlo showers | p. 249 |
| UNICAS--a cascade algorithm | p. 250 |
| Nuclear fragmentation | p. 252 |
| Splitting algorithm for hadronic interactions | p. 252 |
| Acceptance of an air shower array | p. 256 |
| Cross section at air shower energies | p. 260 |
| References | p. 263 |
| Index | p. 277 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
