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| Preface | |
| Acknowledgements | |
| Opening of the Symposium | |
| Medium and biocatalyst engineering | p. 3 |
| Physical-Chemical Aspects | |
| Physical-chemical nature of low water systems for biocatalysis: especially phase behaviour, water activity and pH | p. 13 |
| Usefulness of NMR methods for assaying cutinase catalysed synthesis of ester in organic media | p. 23 |
| Membrane concentrations of primary alcohols which inhibit progesterone 11[alpha]-hydroxylase in Rhizopus nigricans | p. 31 |
| A comparison of enzymatic reactions in aqueous, organic and multiphase systems | p. 37 |
| Biocatalysis in non-conventional media: Effect of enzyme microenvironment | p. 45 |
| Biocatalyst Engineering | |
| On the importance of the support material for enzymatic synthesis in organic media. Support effects at controlled water activity | p. 55 |
| Enzyme design for nonaqueous media | p. 63 |
| Application of Q.S.A.R. methodology to the biocatalysis. I. Hydrolysis of esters | p. 67 |
| Application of Q.S.A.R. methodology to the biocatalysis. II. Synthesis of peptides | p. 75 |
| Gaseous and (Near)-Supercritical Media | |
| The role of water in gaseous biocatalysis | p. 85 |
| Pressure control of reactions in supercritical fluids: thermodynamics and kinetics | p. 93 |
| One-Liquid-Phase Systems | |
| Enzyme mechanisms in homogeneous hydro-organic solutions. Solvents, temperature and pressure effects | p. 103 |
| Effect of reaction conditions on the activity and enantioselectivity of lipases in organic solvents | p. 111 |
| Correlations between enzyme activity, water activity, and Log P in one-liquid-phase systems | p. 121 |
| Microenvironmental effects on steroid 1-dehydrogenation in organic media using immobilized whole cells | p. 129 |
| Enzyme kinetics in monophasic and biphasic aqueous-organic systems | p. 137 |
| Two-Liquid-Phase Systems I | |
| Process engineering of two-liquid phase biocatalysis | p. 147 |
| The effect of organic solvents on enzymatic esterification of polyols | p. 155 |
| Process development for the optical resolution of phenylalanine by means of chymotrypsin in a liquid-liquid-solid three-phase reaction system | p. 163 |
| Two-Liquid-Phase Systems II | |
| Understanding protein performance in reversed micelles: the contribution of transport rate, local concentration and water content to enzyme kinetics | p. 173 |
| Protein-interface interactions in reverse micelles | p. 181 |
| Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed reactions in water-in-oil microemulsions | p. 189 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 201 |
| Poster Papers | |
| Physical-Chemical Aspects | |
| Enzyme kinetics in a self evolving microstructured medium | p. 211 |
| Enzyme deactivation phenomena in solid-state and organic solvents | p. 213 |
| Insolubilized enzyme derivatives in organic solvents: Mechanisms of inactivation and strategies for reactivation | p. 221 |
| Relation of enzymatic reaction rate and hydrophobicity of the solvent | p. 229 |
| Kinetic resolution of racemic glycidyl esters with porcine pancreatic lipase: a major effect of ping-pong kinetics | p. 237 |
| Biocatalysts operating at high substrate concentrations | p. 245 |
| Regulation of allosteric enzymes in water-restricted media | p. 253 |
| Quantitative deuterium NMR of protein hydration in air and organic solvents | p. 261 |
| Effects of temperature on stereochemistry of alcohol dehydrogenases from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus | p. 267 |
| Comparative influence of microenvironment on the activity of two enzymes: lipoxygenase and thermolysin | p. 275 |
| On the crucial role of water in the lipase catalysed isomerisation of 1,2-(2,3)-diglyceride into 1,3-diglyceride | p. 283 |
| Rapid determination, using dielectric spectroscopy, of the toxicity of organic solvents to intact cells | p. 291 |
| Factors affecting protein transfer from an aqueous phase into a reversed micellar phase | p. 299 |
| Cryo-bioorganic synthesis - Enzyme catalysis at low and in low water content environments | p. 307 |
| Photoinduced charge separation in microemulsions | p. 313 |
| Induced stereo- and substrate selectivity of bio-imprinted [alpha]-chymotrypsin in anhydrous organic media | p. 321 |
| Biocatalyst Engineering | |
| The effect of attachment of hydrophobic modifiers on the catalytic activities of lipase and trypsin | p. 331 |
| Influence of the solvent and the solid support on the microenvironment of immobilized [alpha]-chymotrypsin | p. 339 |
| Hydrophilic gels as immobilization materials and stabilizers for enzyme-catalysed esterifications in organic media | p. 347 |
| Effect of polyhydroxy compounds on the activity of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus in organic solvent | p. 355 |
| Complex formation between chymotrypsin and polymers as a means to improve exposure of the enzyme to organic solvents | p. 363 |
| Synthesis of enkephalins using modified proteases in organic media | p. 371 |
| Stabilization of adsorbed enzymes used as biocatalysts in organic solvents | p. 377 |
| Gaseous and (Near-)Supercritical Media | |
| The use of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes in art restoration | p. 385 |
| Methyl isobutyl and methyl ethyl ketone biodegradation in biofilters | p. 393 |
| Lipase catalysed esterification in supercritical carbon dioxide | p. 401 |
| Effect of a near-critical and supercritical fluid on the viability ratio of microbial cells | p. 407 |
| Enzymatic reaction in organic solvents and supercritical gases | p. 417 |
| Fatty acid esterification in supercritical carbon dioxide | p. 425 |
| One-Liquid-Phase Systems | |
| Influence of organic solvents on the specificity of [alpha]-chymotrypsin and subtilisin from B. subtilis strain 72 in acyl transfer reactions | p. 435 |
| Peptide synthesis in organic-aqueous media catalysed by [alpha]-chymotrypsin immobilised over different supports | p. 443 |
| Control of water activity by using salt hydrates in enzyme catalysed esterifications in organic media | p. 451 |
| Enzymatic peptide synthesis using new water-soluble amino acid derivatives | p. 459 |
| Lipase-catalyzed resolution of 1,2-diols | p. 467 |
| Partitioning of water during the production of terpene esters using immobilized lipase | p. 475 |
| Thermoinactivation of polyphenol oxidase in organic solvents with low water content | p. 483 |
| Continuous enzymatic transesterification of rapeseed oil and lauric acid in a solvent-free system | p. 491 |
| Effect of the solvent on enzyme enantioselectivity | p. 497 |
| Modification of waste fats by lipase-catalyzed reaction in solvent-free substrate blends | p. 505 |
| Thermolysin- and chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in the presence of salt hydrates | p. 513 |
| Lipase catalyzed triglyceride synthesis. The role of isomerisation | p. 519 |
| Resolution of 1-benzamido-4-carboxymethyl-cyclopent-2-ene using pig-liver esterase | p. 525 |
| [alpha]-Substituted primary alcohols as substrates for enantioselective lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvents | p. 533 |
| Soluble and immobilized saccharidases in water-miscible organic solvents | p. 541 |
| Effect of water activity on rate of lipase-catalysed esterification | p. 549 |
| Synthesis of triacylglycerols. The crucial role of water activity control | p. 557 |
| Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of monosaccharide fatty acid esters and their preliminary characterization | p. 563 |
| Reversing an [alpha]-chymotrypsin catalyzed reaction, by substituting a water / 1,4-butanediol solvent mixture for the usual aqueous reaction medium | p. 569 |
| Engineering aspects of the lipase-catalyzed production of (R)-1-ferrocenylethylacetate in organic media | p. 577 |
| Variation of tyrosinase activity with solvent at a constant water activity | p. 585 |
| Hydrolase activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase in organic media | p. 593 |
| Factors affecting lipase catalyzed n-butyl oleate synthesis | p. 601 |
| Behaviour of soluble aminoacylase in water-organic solvent mixtures | p. 609 |
| Two-Liquid-Phase Systems I | |
| Effect of organic solvents on growth and anthraquinone production in Morinda citrifolia cell cultures | p. 617 |
| Functional stability of cytoplasmic enzymes in aqueous and mixed-phase solvents | p. 623 |
| Studies on papain catalyzed synthesis of Gly-Phe in a two-liquid-phase system | p. 629 |
| The effect of alkanes on viability, enzyme induction and enzyme activity in Flavobacterium dehydrogenans | p. 637 |
| Kinetics and engineering studies of lipase-catalyzed transesterification in organic solvent | p. 645 |
| Kinetic study of enzymatic reaction in aqueous-organic two-phase systems - An example of enhanced production of aldehydes by alcohol oxidase | p. 653 |
| The influence of organic cosolvents on the lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of decylchloroacetate | p. 659 |
| Biotransformation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol by whole cells and cell extracts of baker's yeast in two-phase systems | p. 667 |
| Production of phenylacetyl carbinol by biotransformation using baker's yeast in two-phase systems | p. 675 |
| Two-Liquid-Phase Systems II | |
| Stability and activity of cholesterol oxidase in supramolecular systems | p. 683 |
| Crown ethers can enhance enzyme activity in organic solvents | p. 691 |
| Dynamics, structure and stability of [alpha]-chymotrypsin in aqueous solution and in reverse micelles as studied by fluorescence spectroscopy | p. 697 |
| Comparison of activity and stability of enzymes suspended in organic solvents and dissolved in water-in-oil microemulsions | p. 705 |
| Batch and continuous lipolysis/product separation in a reversed micellar membrane bioreactor | p. 713 |
| Synthesis of fatty acid esters by a recombinant cutinase in reversed micelles | p. 719 |
| Application of fractional factorial design to the study of enzymatic dipeptide synthesis in reverse micelles | p. 725 |
| Studies on the specificity of Penicillium simplicissimum lipase catalyzed esterification reactions in microemulsions | p. 733 |
| Enzymes entrapped in liquid crystals - a novel approach for biocatalysis in non-aqueous media | p. 739 |
| Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine with polyunsaturated fatty acids by phospholipase A[subscript 2] in an organic solvent | p. 747 |
| Catalysis of polyphenol oxidase in a ternary system of reverse vesicles in organic solvents | p. 755 |
| Author Index | p. 761 |
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