The first comprehensive guide to one of today's most innovative approaches to environmental contamination Natural attenuation is gaining increasing attention as a nonintrusive, cost-effective alternative to standard remediation techniques for environmental contamination. This landmark work presents the first in-depth examination of the theory, mechanisms, and application of natural attenuation. Written by four internationally recognized leaders in this approach, the book describes both biotic and abiotic natural attenuation processes, focusing on two of the environmental contaminants most frequently encountered in groundwater-fuels and chlorinated solvents. The authors draw on a wealth of combined experience to detail successful techniques for simulating natural attenuation processes and predicting their effectiveness in the field. They also show how natural attenuation works in the real world, using numerous examples and case studies from a wide range of leading-edge projects nationwide involving fuel hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Finally, they discuss the evaluation and assessment of natural attenuation and explore the design of long-term monitoring programs. An indispensable reference for anyone working in environmental remediation, Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents in the Subsurface is essential reading for scientists and engineers in a range of industries, as well as state and federal environmental regulators, and professors and graduate students in environmental or chemical engineering.

TODD H. WIEDEMEIER, PG, is a technical director at Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., in Denver, Colorado. HANADI S. RIFAI, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Houston, Texas. CHARLES J. NEWELL, PhD, PE, is Vice President and Environmental Engineer at Groundwater Services, Inc., in Houston, Texas. JOHN T. WILSON, PhD, is a senior research microbiologist.

Preface

ix

Overview of Natural Attenuation

1

(26)

Definition of Natural Attenuation

2

(2)

Why Natural Attenuation Has Emerged as a Feasible Approach to Remediation

4

(8)

Summary of Major Natural Attenuation Processes

12

(1)

Demonstrating Natural Attenuation at Field Sites

13

(1)

Natural Attenuation Studies, Protocols, and Guidance

14

(1)

Natural Attenuation in the Regulatory Process

15

(8)

Organization of This Book

23

(1)

References

23

(4)

Attenuation of Source Zones and Formation of Plumes

27

(91)

Distribution of Contaminants in the Subsurface

27

(1)

How Groundwater Plumes Are Formed

28

(3)

Observations of Source Zones

31

(10)

Process Description for Source Scenario 1: Dissolved Contaminant Release to Subsurface

41

(5)

Process Description for Source Scenario 2: Contaminant Release to Vadose Zone Only

46

(14)

Process Descriptions for Source Scenarios 3 and 4: LNAPL and DNAPL Dissolution in the Saturated Zone

60

(39)

Site-Scale Dissolution Model and the Effect of Biodegradation

99

(5)

Estimating Source Masses

104

(5)

Source Control and Natural Attenuation

109

(3)

References

112

(6)

Abiotic Processes of Natural Attenuation

118

(44)

Advection

118

(12)

Dispersion

130

(5)

One-Dimensional Advection-Dispersion Equation

135

(3)

Sorption

138

(12)

Dilution (Recharge)

150

(3)

Volatilization

153

(1)

Hydrolysis and Dehydrohalogenation

154

(3)

Reduction Reactions

157

(1)

References

158

(4)

Overview of Intrinsic Bioremediation

162

(27)

Biological Fate of Contaminants

165

(5)

Thermodynamic Considerations

170

(5)

Oxidation-Reduction Potential

175

(3)

Biodegradation Kinetics of Dissolved Contaminants

178

(8)

References

186

(3)

Intrinsic Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

189

(52)

Biodegradation Processes for Petroleum Hydrocarbons

194

(13)

Patterns of Intrinsic Bioremediation at Field Sites

207

(11)

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Rate Data from the Literature

218

(5)

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plume Databases

223

(8)

Future Challenges

231

(1)

References

231

(10)

Intrinsic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents

241

(57)

Overview of Chlorinated Solvent Biodegradation Processes

242

(28)

Classification System for Chlorinated Solvent Plumes

270

(8)

Chlorinated Solvent Rate Data from the Literature

278

(3)

Chlorinated Solvent Plume Databases

281

(10)

References

291

(7)

Evaluating Natural Attenuation

298

(63)

Chemical and Geochemical Analytical Data Useful for Evaluating Natural Attenuation

298

(11)

Lines of Evidence Used to Evaluate Natural Attenuation

309

(4)

Documented Loss of Contaminant Mass or Plume Stabilization

313

(8)

Analytical Data Confirming Intrinsic Bioremediation

321

(18)

Microbiological Data

339

(2)

Estimating Biodegradation Rates

341

(6)

Screening for Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

347

(3)

Screening for Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents

350

(8)

Weight-of-Evidence Approach for Dealing with Uncertainty

358

(1)

References

358

(3)

Modeling Natural Attenuation

361

(85)

Why Use Models?

362

(1)

Selection of a Natural Attenuation Model

363

(4)

Governing Equations for Contaminant Fate and Transport

367

(5)

Analytical Natural Attenuation Models

372

(35)

Numerical Natural Attenuation Models

407

(31)

Modeling Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents

438

(1)

Applying Natural Attenuation Models to Sites

439

(2)

Source Term in Natural Attenuation Modeling

441

(2)

References

443

(3)

Case Studies: Fuel Hydrocarbons

446

(70)

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Former Liquid Fuels Storage Area, Site ST-12, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona

446

(24)

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Former Gasoline Station, SWMU 66 Site, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, Mississippi

470

(13)

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant Facility, Site ST41, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska

483

(22)

Natural Attenuation of Fuel Hydrocarbons: Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants Facility, Hill Air Force Base, Utah

505

(9)

References

514

(2)

Case Studies: Chlorinated Solvents

516

(48)

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents: FT-17, Cape Canaveral, Florida

516

(12)

Intrinsic Anaerobic Biotransformation of Chlorinated Solvents at a Manufacturing Plant

528

(7)

Natural Attenuation of the Building 301 Trichloroethene Plume at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska

535

(16)

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents: Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New York

551

(11)

References

562

(2)

Design of Long-Term Monitoring Programs

564

(17)

Placement of Long-Term Monitoring and Contingency Wells

566

(6)

Groundwater Sampling and Analysis for Long-Term Monitoring

572

(1)

Cost of Long-Term Monitoring Plans

573

(1)

Contingency Plans

574

(4)

When to Stop Monitoring

578

(1)

References

579

(2)

Appendix A: Geochemical and Physical Data

581

(12)

Appendix B: RBCA Chemical Database

593

(12)

Index

605

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Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents in the Subsurface

9780471197492

0471197491

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