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9780763724702

The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780763724702

  • ISBN10:

    076372470X

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2005-08-11
  • Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

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Summary

The Quantum Challenge, Second Edition  is an engaging and thorough treatment of the extraordinary phenomena of quantum mechanics, and of the enormous challenge they present to our conception of the physical world.  Traditionally, The thrill of grappling with such issues is reserved for practicing scientists, while physical science, mathematics, and engineering students are often isolated from these inspiring questions.  This book was written to remove this isolation. Greenstein and Zajonc present the puzzles of quantum mechanics using vivid references to contemporary experiments.  the authors focus on the most striking and conceptually significant quantum phenomena, together with a clear theoretical treatment of each.  the depth and extent of the challenge of quantum mechanics becomes increasingly compelling as they move from the simplest experiments involving single photons or particles, To the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen and Bell's Theorem, and then to macroscopic quantum phenomena.

Author Biography

George Greenstein is the Sidney Dillon professor of astronomy at Amherst College Arthur G. Zajonc is professor of physics at Amherst College

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Prologue xiii
1 Matter Waves 1(22)
1.1 An Experiment
1(4)
1.2 A Second Experiment
5(2)
1.3 Locality
7(1)
1.4 Beyond the Electron
8(5)
Neutrons
8(1)
Atoms
9(1)
Bose-Einstein Condensates
9(3)
The Experiment
12(1)
1.5 Quantum Theory of Two-Slit Interference
13(5)
1.6 Critique of the Quantum-Mechanical Account
18(5)
2 Photons 23(22)
2.1 Do Photons Exist?
24(13)
Detection and the Quantum of Light
24(1)
Photoelectric Effect
24(4)
Anticoincidences
28(2)
The Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Experiment
30(4)
Photons at Last
34(2)
Remarks
36(1)
2.2 Wave-Particle Duality for Single Photons
37(8)
The Mystery of Wave-Particle Duality
38(1)
Delayed Choice
39(4)
Comments
43(2)
3 The Uncertainty Principle 45(46)
3.1 The Pfleegor-Mandel Experiment
45(7)
Two Lasers, One Photon
45(2)
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
47(3)
Uncertainty in the Pfleegor-Mandel Experiment
50(2)
3.2 Reflections on the Uncertainty Principle
52(4)
Quantum Uncertainty versus Classical Ignorance
52(1)
Interpretation of the Uncertainty Principle
53(1)
The Uncertainty Principle and Causality
53(2)
The Uncertainty Principle and Descriptions of Natural Phenomena
55(1)
3.3 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Principle
56(3)
Atoms
57(1)
Nuclei
58(1)
Trajectories
58(1)
3.4 The Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation
59(13)
Average Properties of Systems
59(2)
Lifetimes and Line Widths
61(1)
Time and Frequency Standards
62(1)
More on Causality: The Uncertainty Principle and an Ambiguity in Time
63(4)
Origin of the Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation
67(4)
Comment
71(1)
3.5 Squeezed Light and the Detection of Gravitational Radiation
72(11)
Gravitational Radiation
72(1)
Squeezed States of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
73(6)
Squeezed States of Light
79(4)
3.6 Quantum Non-Demolition Measurements
83(8)
Back Action and the Detection of Gravitational Radiation
83(3)
Seeing a Single Photon Without Destroying It
86(5)
4 Complementarity 91(32)
4.1 Bohr's Discovery of Complementarity
92(3)
Como, 1927
94(1)
4.2 Einstein's Attack on Complementarity
95(7)
The Solvay Meetings: Complementarity between Which-Path Information and Interference
96(3)
Complementarity in the Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation
99(3)
4.3 The New Paradigm: Information
102(11)
Quantum Beats
102(3)
Theory of Quantum Beats: Complementarity
105(3)
Orthogonality and the Role of Information in Quantum Beats
108(2)
Partial Information
110(3)
4.4 Is Complementarity Enforced by the Uncertainty Principle?
113(8)
An Experiment
113(4)
The Aharonov-Bohm Effect
117(3)
Momentum Kicks in Interference Experiments
120(1)
Quantum Momentum Transfer
120(1)
4.5 Concluding Remarks
121(2)
5 The EPR Paradox and Bell's Theorem 123(26)
5.1 The EPR Argument
125(8)
The Argument
127(3)
Locality
130(1)
Reality and Hidden Variables
130(3)
5.2 The BKS Theorem and Contextuality
133(2)
Sketch of the BKS Proof
133(2)
5.3 Hidden-Variable Theories
135(4)
Elementary Example of a Hidden-Variable Theory
137(2)
5.4 Bell's Theorem
139(10)
Proof of Bell's Theorem
140(2)
Mermin's "Local Reality Machine"
142(4)
Discussion
146(3)
6 Testing Bell's Inequalities: Entangled States 149(36)
6.1 Tests of Bell's Inequalities
150(12)
Early Work
150(1)
Two-Photon Entangled States
151(2)
Linear Polarization
153(4)
The Aspect Experiments
157(4)
Comments
161(1)
6.2 Bohm's Nonlocal Hidden-Variable Theory
162(4)
6.3 The Mystery of the EPR Correlations
166(1)
6.4 Does Quantum Nonlocality Violate the Principle of Relativity?
167(2)
6.5 Quantum Nonlocality: A New Source and a New Experiment
169(4)
6.6 The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Theorem
173(10)
Quantum-Mechanical Analysis
174(2)
Local Realism Analysis
176(1)
Experimental Test
177(3)
Comments
180(3)
6.7 Comments on Quantum Nonlocality
183(2)
7 Schrodinger's Cat 185(30)
7.1 What Is the Cat Paradox?
186(1)
7.2 Superpositions and Mixtures: A More Technical Statement of the Cat Paradox
187(1)
7.3 Further Discussion of the Difference Between Superpositions and Mixtures: Spin
188(1)
7.4 Why Is Quantum Behavior Not Observed in the Large-Scale World?
189(4)
Interference
190(1)
Uncertainty Principle
190(1)
Quantum Tunneling
190(3)
7.5 Decoherence
193(6)
7.6 Watching Decoherence
199(3)
7.7 Laboratory Realizations of Macroscopic Quantum Behavior
202(13)
Conditions for the Existence of Macroscopic Quantum Behavior
203(2)
Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling: SQUIDS
205(2)
Macroscopic Quantum Coherence
207(2)
A Microscopic Analog
209(6)
8 Measurement 215(30)
8.1 The Measurement Problem
215(12)
The Collapse of the Wave Function
215(4)
Is the Collapse of the Wave Function Described by the Schrödinger Equation?
219(3)
Quantum Theory of Measurement: The Infinite Regress
222(2)
Termination of the Infinite Regress: The Projection Postulate
224(3)
8.2 The Active Nature of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics
227(10)
Mixtures and Superpositions
227(2)
What Is the State of the Photon a Decaying Atom Emits?
229(2)
The Quantum Zeno Effect
231(6)
8.3 Attempts to Solve the Measurement Problem
237(8)
Small Detectors and Big Detectors: Decoherence
237(2)
Does Decoherence Solve the Measurement Problem?
239(1)
Decoherence Can Be Undone
239(1)
Coherence Can Be Moved Around: The Quantum Eraser
240(3)
Comments
243(2)
9 Quantum Information and Computation 245(34)
9.1 Bits and Qubits
246(1)
9.2 Quantum Cryptography
247(5)
Quantum Key Distribution Via Single-Particle Superposition
248(3)
Quantum Key Distribution Via Entanglement
251(1)
9.3 Quantum Teleportation
252(7)
Quantum Information Cannot Be Read
253(1)
Quantum Teleportation
254(3)
Experimental Realization of Quantum Teleportation
257(1)
Comments
258(1)
9.4 Quantum Computation: The Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm
259(18)
An Analogy
260(2)
The Deutsch-Jozsa Problem
262(1)
Logical Operations on Quantum Registers
262(2)
The Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm
264(3)
Logical Operations and Uf
267(1)
A Toy Quantum Computer
268(3)
A Real Quantum Computer
271(6)
9.5 Comments on Quantum Machines
277(2)
Epilogue 279(2)
Appendix: A Bibliography of Experiments for the Undergraduate Laboratory 281(4)
Chapter 1: Matter Waves
281(1)
Chapter 2: Photons
282(1)
Chapter 3: The Uncertainty Principle
282(1)
Chapter 4: Complementarity
283(1)
Chapter 6: Testing Bell's Inequalities: Entangled States
283(1)
Chapter 8: Measurement
284(1)
References 285(8)
Index 293

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