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Preface | |
Radar Systems - An Overview | p. 1 |
Range Measurements | p. 1 |
Range Resolution | p. 3 |
Doppler Frequency | p. 5 |
Coherence | p. 10 |
The Radar Equation | p. 10 |
Surveillance Radar Equation | p. 16 |
Radar Cross Section | p. 20 |
RCS Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency | p. 21 |
RCS Dependency on Polarization | p. 26 |
Radar Equation with Jamming | p. 31 |
Noise Figure | p. 35 |
Effects of the Earth's Surface on the Radar Equation | p. 40 |
Earth's Atmosphere | p. 41 |
Refraction | p. 42 |
Four-Third Earth Model | p. 47 |
Ground Reflection | p. 47 |
The Pattern Propagation Factor - Flat Earth | p. 53 |
The Pattern Propagation Factor - Spherical Earth | p. 58 |
Diffraction | p. 61 |
Atmospheric Attenuation | p. 65 |
MATLAB Program Listings | p. 66 |
MATLAB Function "range_resolution.m" | p. 66 |
MATLAB Function "radar_eq.m" | p. 67 |
MATLAB Function "power_aperrture.m" | p. 68 |
MATLAB Function "range_red_factor.m" | p. 69 |
MATLAB Function "ref_coef.m" | p. 70 |
MATLAB Function "divergence.m" | p. 71 |
MATLAB Function "surf_rough.m" | p. 72 |
MATLAB Function "multipath.m" | p. 72 |
MATLAB Function "diffraction.m" | p. 74 |
MATLAB Program "airyz01.m" | p. 76 |
MATLAb Program "fig_31_32.m" | p. 76 |
Problems | p. 77 |
Linear Systems and Complex Signal Representation | p. 83 |
Signal and System Classifications | p. 83 |
The Fourier Transform | p. 84 |
Systems Classification | p. 85 |
Linear and Nonlinear Systems | p. 85 |
Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems | p. 86 |
Stable and Nonstable Systems | p. 86 |
Causal and Noncausal Systems | p. 87 |
Signal Representation Using the Fourier Series | p. 87 |
Convolution and Correlation Integrals | p. 89 |
Energy and Power Spectrum Densities | p. 91 |
Bandpass Signals | p. 94 |
The Analytic Signal (Pre-Envelope) | p. 95 |
Pre-Envelope and Complex Envelope of Bandpass Signals | p. 96 |
Spectra of a Few Common Radar Signals | p. 99 |
Frequency Modulation Signal | p. 99 |
Continuous Wave Signal | p. 104 |
Finite Duration Pulse Signal | p. 104 |
Periodic Pulse Signal | p. 106 |
Finite Duration Pulse Train Signal | p. 107 |
Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) Signal | p. 109 |
Signal Bandwidth and Duration | p. 114 |
Effective Bandwidth and Duration Calculation | p. 116 |
Discrete Time Systems and Signals | p. 119 |
Sampling Theorem | p. 120 |
The Z-Transform | p. 124 |
The Discrete Fourier Transform | p. 126 |
Discrete Power Spectrum | p. 126 |
Windowing Techniques | p. 128 |
Decimation and Interpolation | p. 133 |
Problems | p. 136 |
Random Variables and Processes | p. 141 |
Random Variable | p. 141 |
Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector | p. 144 |
Complex Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector | p. 147 |
Rayleigh Random Variables | p. 148 |
The Chi-Square Random Variables | p. 149 |
Central Chi-Square Variable with N Degrees of Freedom | p. 149 |
Noncentral Chi-Square Variable with N Degrees of Freedom | p. 150 |
Random Processes | p. 151 |
Bandpass Gaussian Random Process | p. 152 |
The Envelope of Bandpass Gaussian Random Process | p. 153 |
Problems | p. 154 |
The Matched Filter | p. 157 |
The Matched Filter SNR | p. 157 |
The Replica | p. 162 |
Mean and Variance of the Matched Filter Output | p. 162 |
General Formula for the Output of the Matched Filter | p. 163 |
Stationary Target Case | p. 163 |
Moving Target Case | p. 165 |
Waveform Resolution and Ambiguity | p. 167 |
Range Resolution | p. 167 |
Doppler Resolution | p. 169 |
Combined Range and Doppler Resolution | p. 171 |
Range and Doppler Uncertainty | p. 172 |
Range Uncertainty | p. 172 |
Doppler (Velocity) Uncertainty | p. 176 |
Range-Doppler Coupling | p. 177 |
Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals | p. 180 |
Target Parameter Estimation | p. 181 |
What Is an Estimator? | p. 182 |
Amplitude Estimation | p. 183 |
Phase Estimation | p. 184 |
Problems | p. 184 |
The Ambiguity Function - Analog Waveforms | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Examples of the Ambiguity Function | p. 188 |
Single Pulse Ambiguity Function | p. 189 |
LFM Ambiguity Function | p. 192 |
Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function | p. 197 |
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function with LFM | p. 202 |
Stepped Frequency Waveforms | p. 206 |
Nonlinear FM | p. 208 |
The Concept of Stationary Phase | p. 208 |
Frequency Modulated Waveform Spectrum Shaping | p. 214 |
Ambiguity Diagram Contours | p. 216 |
Interpretation of Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals | p. 217 |
MATLAB Programs and Functions | p. 218 |
Single Pulse Ambiguity Function | p. 218 |
LFM Ambiguity Function | p. 218 |
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function | p. 219 |
Pulse Train Ambiguity Function with LFM | p. 220 |
Problems | p. 221 |
The Ambiguity Function - Discrete Coded Waveforms | p. 225 |
Discrete Code Signal Representation | p. 225 |
Pulse-Train Codes | p. 226 |
Phase Coding | p. 232 |
Binary Phase Codes | p. 232 |
Polyphase Codes | p. 245 |
Frequency Codes | p. 252 |
Costas Codes | p. 252 |
Ambiguity Plots for Discrete Coded Waveforms | p. 254 |
Problems | p. 257 |
Target Detection and Pulse Integration | p. 259 |
Target Detection in the Presence of Noise | p. 259 |
Probability of False Alarm | p. 263 |
Probability of Detection | p. 264 |
Pulse Integration | p. 267 |
Coherent Integration | p. 269 |
Noncoherent Integration | p. 270 |
Improvement Factor and Integration Loss | p. 271 |
Target Fluctuation | p. 273 |
Probability of False Alarm Formulation for a Square Law Detector | p. 274 |
Square Law Detection | p. 277 |
Probability of Detection Calculation | p. 278 |
Swerling 0 Target Detection | p. 279 |
Detection of Swerling I Targets | p. 280 |
Detection of Swerling II Targets | p. 283 |
Detection of Swerling III Targets | p. 285 |
Detection of Swerling IV Targets | p. 287 |
Computation of the Fluctuation Loss | p. 289 |
Cumulative Probability of Detection | p. 290 |
Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) | p. 293 |
Cell-Averaging CFAR (Single Pulse) | p. 293 |
Cell-Averaging CFAR with Noncoherent Integration | p. 295 |
MATLAB Programs and Routines | p. 296 |
MATLAB Function "que_func.m" | p. 296 |
MATLAB Function "marcumsq.m" | p. 297 |
MATLAB Function "imrov_fac.m" | p. 298 |
MATLAB Function "threshold.m" | p. 298 |
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling5.m" | p. 299 |
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling1.m" | p. 301 |
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling2.m" | p. 302 |
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling3.m" | p. 303 |
MATLAB Function "pd_swerling4.m" | p. 304 |
MATLAB Function "fluct_loss.m" | p. 306 |
The Incomplete Gamma Function | p. 308 |
Problems | p. 311 |
Pulse Compression | p. 315 |
Time-Bandwidth Product | p. 315 |
Radar Equation with Pulse Compression | p. 316 |
Basic Principal of Pulse Compression | p. 317 |
Correlation Processor | p. 320 |
Stretch Processor | p. 326 |
Single LFM Pulse | p. 326 |
Stepped Frequency Waveforms | p. 332 |
Effect of Target Velocity | p. 340 |
MATLAB Program Listings | p. 343 |
MATLAB Function "matched_filter.m" | p. 343 |
MATLAB Function "stretch.m" | p. 347 |
MATLAB Function "SFW.m" | p. 349 |
Radar Clutter | p. 353 |
Clutter Cross Section Density | p. 353 |
Surface Clutter | p. 354 |
Radar Equation for Area Clutter | p. 356 |
Volume Clutter | p. 358 |
Radar Equation for Volume Clutter | p. 360 |
Clutter RCS | p. 361 |
Single Pulse-Low PRF Case | p. 361 |
High PRF Case | p. 364 |
Clutter Spectrum | p. 373 |
Clutter Statistical Models | p. 373 |
Clutter Components | p. 374 |
Clutter Power Spectrum Density | p. 376 |
Moving Target Indicator (MTI) | p. 377 |
Single Delay Line Canceler | p. 377 |
Double Delay Line Canceler | p. 379 |
Delay Lines with Feedback (Recursive Filters) | p. 381 |
PRF Staggering | p. 384 |
MTI Improvement Factor | p. 389 |
Two-Pulse MTI Case | p. 390 |
The General Case | p. 391 |
Subclutter Visibility (SCV) | p. 392 |
Delay Line Cancelers with Optimal Weights | p. 393 |
MATLAB Program Listings | p. 396 |
MATLAB Program "clutter_rcs.m" | p. 396 |
MATLAB Function "single_canceler.m" | p. 398 |
MATLAB Function "double_canceler.m" | p. 399 |
Problems | p. 399 |
Doppler Processing | p. 403 |
CW Radar Functional Block Diagram | p. 403 |
CW Radar Equation | p. 405 |
Linear Frequency Modulated CW Radar | p. 406 |
Multiple Frequency CW Radar | p. 408 |
Pulsed Radars | p. 410 |
Pulse Doppler Radars | p. 412 |
High PRF Radar Equation | p. 414 |
Pulse Doppler Radar Signal Processing | p. 415 |
Resolving Range Ambiguities in Pulse Doppler Radars | p. 416 |
Resolving Doppler Ambiguity | p. 418 |
MATLAB Programs and Routines | p. 422 |
MATLAB Program "range_calc.m" | p. 422 |
MATLAB Function "hprf_req.m" | p. 425 |
Problems | p. 426 |
Adaptive Array Processing | p. 429 |
Introduction | p. 429 |
General Arrays | p. 430 |
Linear Arrays | p. 432 |
Nonadaptive Beamforming | p. 444 |
Adaptive Array Processing | p. 448 |
Adaptive Signal Processing Using Least Mean Squares (LMS) | p. 448 |
LMS Adaptive Array Processing | p. 452 |
Sidelobe Cancelers | p. 459 |
MATLAB Program Listings | p. 461 |
MATLAB Function "linear_array.m" | p. 461 |
MATLAB Function "LMS.m" | p. 463 |
Problems | p. 464 |
Bibliography | p. 467 |
Index | p. 475 |
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