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9780314012326

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archeology

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780314012326

  • ISBN10:

    031401232X

  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 1993-04-01
  • Publisher: West Group

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Table of Contents

Prefacep. xiv
Supplementsp. xvii
Introductionp. 1
The Biocultural Approachp. 2
What Is Anthropology?p. 4
Cultural Anthropologyp. 4
Linguistic Anthropologyp. 5
Physical Anthropologyp. 6
Archaeologyp. 9
The Scientific Methodp. 14
The Anthropological Perspectivep. 15
Summaryp. 16
Questions for Reviewp. 17
Suggested Further Readingp. 17
Resources on the Internetp. 18
Photo Essay: Careers in Physical Anthropology and Archaeologyp. 19
The Development of Evolutionary Theoryp. 23
Introductionp. 24
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thoughtp. 24
The Scientific Revolutionp. 25
The Path to Natural Selectionp. 26
Natural Selectionp. 33
Natural Selection in Actionp. 34
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theoryp. 36
Opposition to Evolutionp. 36
Summaryp. 38
Questions for Reviewp. 38
Suggested Further Readingp. 39
Resources on the Internetp. 39
The Inheritance of Biological Traitsp. 41
Introductionp. 42
The Cellp. 42
DNA Structure and Functionp. 43
DNA Replicationp. 44
Protein Synthesisp. 45
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosisp. 47
Mitosisp. 49
Meiosisp. 50
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendelp. 52
Mendel's Principle of Segregationp. 52
Dominance and Recessivenessp. 53
Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortmentp. 55
Mendelian Inheritance in Humansp. 56
Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessivenessp. 58
Polygenic Inheritancep. 58
Genetic and Environmental Factorsp. 60
Mitochondrial Inheritancep. 61
New Frontiersp. 61
Summaryp. 63
Questions for Reviewp. 64
Suggested Further Readingp. 64
Resources on the Internetp. 65
Issue: Genetic Screening: A Double-Edged Sword?p. 66
Microevolution in Modern Human Populationsp. 69
Introductionp. 70
The Modern Theory of Evolutionp. 70
The Definition of Evolutionp. 70
Population Geneticsp. 71
Mutationp. 72
Gene Flowp. 72
Genetic Driftp. 73
Natural Selectionp. 74
Human Biocultural Evolutionp. 77
Human Polymorphismsp. 78
Simple Polymorphismsp. 78
Polymorphisms at the DNA Levelp. 81
Patterns of Human Population Diversityp. 82
Summaryp. 83
Questions for Reviewp. 84
Suggested Further Readingp. 84
Resources on the Internetp. 84
Human Variation and Adaptationp. 86
Introductionp. 87
Historical Views of Human Variationp. 87
The Concept of Racep. 90
Digging Deeper: Racial Purity: A False and Dangerous Ideologyp. 92
Intelligencep. 94
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variationp. 95
Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Colorp. 95
The Thermal Environmentp. 97
High Altitudep. 100
Infectious Diseasep. 101
Fundamentals of Growth and Developmentp. 104
Staturep. 104
Brain Growthp. 105
Nutritional Effects on Growth and Developmentp. 106
Basic Nutrients for Growth and Developmentp. 106
Evolution of Nutritional Needsp. 107
Geneticsp. 109
Hormonesp. 109
Environmental Factorsp. 110
Summaryp. 110
Questions for Reviewp. 111
Suggested Further Readingp. 111
Resources on the Internetp. 112
Photo Essay: Paleopathology: Diseases and Injuries of Bonep. 113
An Overview of the Living Primatesp. 119
Introductionp. 120
Primates as Mammalsp. 120
Characteristics of Primatesp. 120
Primate Adaptationsp. 124
Evolutionary Factorsp. 124
Geographical Distribution and Habitatsp. 124
Diet and Teethp. 125
Locomotionp. 128
A Survey of the Living Primatesp. 130
Primate Taxonomyp. 130
Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)p. 132
Tarsiersp. 134
Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)p. 134
Hominoids (Apes and Humans)p. 138
Humansp. 143
Endangered Primatesp. 144
Summaryp. 146
Questions for Reviewp. 146
Suggested Further Readingp. 146
Resources on the Internetp. 147
Primate Behaviorp. 148
Introductionp. 149
The Importance of Primate Studiesp. 149
The Evolution of Behaviorp. 149
Nonhuman Primate Social Behaviorp. 152
Dominancep. 153
Communicationp. 153
Aggressionp. 155
Affiliative Behaviorsp. 156
Reproduction and Reproductive Strategiesp. 158
Patterns of Reproductionp. 158
Reproductive Strategiesp. 159
Mothers and Infantsp. 160
Nonhuman Primate Cultural Behaviorp. 162
Primate Cognitive Abilitiesp. 164
The Primate Continuump. 168
Summaryp. 169
Questions for Reviewp. 169
Suggested Further Readingp. 170
Resources on the Internetp. 171
Issue: Primates in Biomedical Research: Ethics and Concernsp. 172
Mammalian/Primate Evolutionary Historyp. 175
Introductionp. 176
The Human Place in the Organic Worldp. 176
Principles of Classificationp. 176
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationshipsp. 178
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summaryp. 182
Mammalian Evolutionp. 185
Major Mammalian Groupsp. 187
Early Primate Evolutionp. 188
Digging Deeper: Telling It Like It Isn'tp. 189
Miocene Fossil Hominoidsp. 191
Processes of Macroevolutionp. 193
Adaptive Radiationp. 193
Generalized and Specialized Characteristicsp. 194
Modes of Evolutionary Changep. 195
The Meaning of Genus and Speciesp. 197
Summaryp. 198
Questions for Reviewp. 199
Suggested Further Readingp. 199
Resources on the Internetp. 199
Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecologyp. 201
Introductionp. 202
Definition of Hominidp. 202
Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culturep. 202
The Strategy of Paleoanthropologyp. 204
Paleoanthropology in Action--Olduvai Gorgep. 206
Dating Methodsp. 208
Digging Deeper: Mary Leakey (1913-1996)p. 209
Digging Deeper: Discovery of Zinjanthropus, July 17, 1959p. 210
Excavations at Olduvaip. 210
Environmental Explanations for Hominid Originsp. 213
Changing Environments and Later Hominid Diversificationsp. 214
Why Did Hominids Become Bipedal?p. 215
Summaryp. 218
Questions for Reviewp. 218
Suggested Further Readingp. 219
Resources on the Internetp. 219
Issue: Who Was Doing What at the Olduvai Sites?p. 220
Hominid Originsp. 222
Introductionp. 223
The Bipedal Adaptationp. 223
Box 10-1: Major Features of Hominid Bipedalismp. 226
Early Hominids in the Plio-Pleistocenep. 227
The East African Rift Valleyp. 228
The Earliest East African Hominidsp. 228
Earliest Tracesp. 228
Ardipithecus from Aramis (Ethiopia)p. 228
Australopithecus from East Africap. 231
Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadarp. 232
Digging Deeper: Cranial Capacityp. 234
Later East African Australopithecine Findsp. 235
Australopithecines from Olduvai and Lake Turkanap. 236
Early Homop. 237
Central Africap. 238
South African Sitesp. 240
Earliest Discoveriesp. 240
Further Discoveries of South African Hominidsp. 241
Review of Hominids from South Africap. 242
Geology and Dating Problems in South Africap. 245
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?p. 247
Continuing Uncertainties--Taxonomic Issuesp. 250
Putting It All Togetherp. 252
Interpreting the Interpretationsp. 253
Summaryp. 254
Questions for Reviewp. 255
Suggested Further Readingp. 256
Resources on the Internetp. 256
Homo erectus and Contemporariesp. 257
Introductionp. 258
Homo erectus: Terminology and Geographical Distributionp. 258
The Pleistocene (1.8 m.y.a.-10,000 y.a.)p. 262
The Morphology of Homo erectusp. 262
Brain Sizep. 262
Body Sizep. 263
Cranial Shapep. 263
Dentitionp. 263
Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveriesp. 264
Javap. 265
Homo erectus from Javap. 266
Peking (Beijing)p. 266
Zhoukoudian Homo erectusp. 267
Digging Deeper: The Control of Firep. 270
Other Chinese Sitesp. 270
East Africap. 273
Digging Deeper: The Nariokotome Skeleton--A Boy for All Seasonsp. 274
Summary of East African H. erectusp. 275
South Africap. 275
North Africap. 275
Europep. 275
Technological and Population Trends in the Middle Pleistocenep. 276
Technological Trendsp. 276
Population Trendsp. 278
Summaryp. 279
Questions for Reviewp. 280
Suggested Further Readingp. 280
Resources on the Internetp. 280
Photo Essay: Paleoanthropologyp. 282
Neandertals and Other Archaic Homo sapiensp. 287
Introductionp. 288
Early Archaic H. sapiensp. 288
Africap. 289
Asiap. 289
Europep. 292
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution (circa 400,000-125,000 y.a.)p. 295
Middle Pleistocene Culturep. 295
Neandertals: Late Archaic H. sapiens (130,000-35,000 y.a.)p. 297
France and Spainp. 299
Central Europep. 304
Western Asiap. 305
Central Asiap. 306
Culture of Neandertalsp. 306
Technologyp. 307
Settlementsp. 307
Subsistencep. 307
Symbolic Behaviorp. 308
Burialsp. 309
Genetic Evidencep. 310
Evolutionary Trends in the Genus Homop. 311
Taxonomic Issuesp. 312
Summaryp. 314
Questions for Reviewp. 314
Suggested Further Readingp. 315
Resources on the Internetp. 315
Homo sapiens sapiensp. 316
Introductionp. 317
The Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings)p. 317
The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)p. 318
The Partial Replacement Modelp. 320
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)p. 320
The Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveriesp. 320
Africap. 321
The Near Eastp. 321
Central Europep. 323
Digging Deeper: The Garden of Eden Hypothesisp. 324
Western Europep. 325
Asiap. 327
Australiap. 328
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithicp. 328
Europep. 328
Africap. 336
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culturep. 337
Summaryp. 337
Questions for Reviewp. 338
Suggested Further Readingp. 338
Resources on the Internetp. 338
Issue: The Evolution of Languagep. 340
Understanding the Past: Archaeological Approachesp. 342
Introductionp. 343
Archaeology and the Study of Prehistoryp. 343
Archaeological Research Objectivesp. 344
Digging Deeper: Mechanisms of Cultural Variation and Changep. 345
Piecing Together the Pastp. 346
Artifacts and Contextsp. 346
Ethnoarchaeology and Ethnographic Analogyp. 347
Digging Deeper: Reconstructing Cultural Behavior from Garbagep. 348
Experimental Archaeologyp. 349
Dating Prehistoryp. 352
Relative Datingp. 352
Chronometric Datingp. 354
Digging Deeper: Chronometric Dating Estimatesp. 357
The Archaeological Research Projectp. 359
Research Archaeology and Cultural Resource Managementp. 359
Designing a Research Programp. 360
Gathering the Datap. 360
Analyzing the Datap. 366
Documenting the Resultsp. 369
Summaryp. 369
Questions for Reviewp. 370
Suggested Further Readingp. 370
Resources on the Internetp. 371
Holocene Hunters and Gatherersp. 372
Introductionp. 373
In Pursuit of the Earliest Americansp. 374
Establishing the Old World Origins of New World Peoplesp. 375
Digging Deeper: NAGPRA and American Archaeologyp. 378
Evaluating Archaeological Traces of the Earliest Americansp. 380
Paleo-Indians in the Americasp. 383
Paleo-Indian Lifewaysp. 385
Pleistocene Extinctionsp. 387
Middle Stone Age Hunter-Fisher-Gatherersp. 388
Early Holocene Environmentsp. 388
Cultural Adjustment to Environmental Changep. 389
Case Studies of Middle Stone Age Culturesp. 391
Mesolithic Foragers and Collectors of Northern Europep. 391
Epipaleolithic Foragers and Collectors of the Near Eastp. 392
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers of North Americap. 393
Cultural Ecology of Foraging and Food Collectingp. 395
Summaryp. 396
Questions for Reviewp. 397
Suggested Further Readingp. 398
Resources on the Internetp. 398
Photo Essay: Archaeology: Methods and Practicep. 399
Food Production: A Biocultural Revolutionp. 409
Introductionp. 410
The Neolithic Revolutionp. 411
Why and How Did Domestication and Agriculture Occur?p. 411
Defining Agriculture and Domesticationp. 412
Environmental Explanationsp. 412
Demographic Explanationsp. 413
Ecological Explanationsp. 414
From Collecting to Cultivatingp. 416
Archaeological Evidence for Domestication and Agriculturep. 416
Digging Deeper: What's to Eat?p. 417
Plantsp. 418
Digging Deeper: What Archaeologists Can Learn from Dead Plantsp. 419
Nonhuman Animalsp. 420
Agricultural Societies of the Old Worldp. 422
Near Eastern Farmersp. 422
African Farmersp. 424
Asian Farmersp. 425
European Farmersp. 426
Early Farmers in the Americasp. 429
New World Domesticatesp. 430
Mexican Farmersp. 430
South American Farmersp. 431
Farmers of the Southwestern United Statesp. 433
Farmers of Eastern North Americap. 436
Biocultural Consequences of Food Productionp. 439
Increased Population Density and Permanent Settlementsp. 439
New Technologiesp. 439
New Economic and Social Relationsp. 440
Environmental Changesp. 440
Diminished Diversityp. 441
Role of Science and Religionp. 441
Cultural Competition and Changep. 442
Diet and Healthp. 442
Summaryp. 444
Questions for Reviewp. 445
Suggested Further Readingp. 445
Resources on the Internetp. 445
The First Civilizationsp. 447
Introductionp. 448
Considering Civilizationp. 448
Why Did Civilizations Form?p. 448
Functionalist Explanationsp. 452
Systems Approachp. 453
Cities and Civilizationsp. 454
Roots of Urbanismp. 454
Ancient Civilizations of the Old Worldp. 457
Mesopotamiap. 457
Egyptp. 460
Digging Deeper: Discovering the Mummy's Secretsp. 464
The Indus Valleyp. 464
Northern Chinap. 467
The Mediterranean Realmp. 469
Summaryp. 473
Questions for Reviewp. 474
Suggested Further Readingp. 474
Resources on the Internetp. 475
Issue: Who Invented Writing?p. 476
New World Civilizationsp. 478
Introductionp. 479
Lowland Mesoamericap. 481
The Olmecp. 481
The Classic Mayap. 483
Digging Deeper: How to Count and Measure Time--The Maya Wayp. 487
Highland Mexicop. 488
Teotihuacanp. 488
The Toltecs and the Postclassic Mayap. 490
The Aztecsp. 491
Perup. 492
Fishing, Farming, and the Rise of Civilizationp. 492
The Chavin Phenomenonp. 494
Early Citiesp. 495
From Kingdoms to Empiresp. 497
The Inkap. 498
European Conquest of the New Worldp. 499
Summaryp. 501
Questions for Reviewp. 502
Suggested Further Readingp. 502
Resources on the Internetp. 503
Epilogue: Our Biocultural Legacyp. 504
Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomyp. 507
Population Geneticsp. 515
Glossaryp. 518
Bibliographyp. 528
Photo Creditsp. 545
Indexp. 547
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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