Sensation and Perception, Media Edition

by Goldstein, E. Bruce

• ISBN13: 9780534639914
• ISBN10: 0534639917
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part 1: INTRODUCTION TO PERCEPTION. 1. The Psychophysical Approach: Linking Stimulation and Perception. Method of limits. Demonstration, Trial-by-trial method of limits. DL by method of limits, Experiment: Judging differences in size. Measurement Fluctuation and error, Experiment: How accurately can you match size? Adjustment and PSE, Experiment: Length matching. Constant stimuli, Experiment: Judging length. Just noticeable difference, Experiment: Adjust length so just noticeably different. DL vs. Weight, Plot a graph of difference threshold vs. standard stimulus. Weber''s law and Weber fraction, Plot a graph demonstrating Weber''s law. Response compression and expansion, Review different types of magnitude estimation functions. Experiment: Scaling Vision, Magnitude estimation of line length and brightness. 2. The Physiological Approach: Linking Stimulation and Neural Firing. Structure of neuron, Identify parts of a neuron. Oscilloscopes and intracellular recording, Demonstrates oscilloscope measuring resting potential. Phases of action potential, Slide a slider and watch sodium and potassium flow. Nerve impulse coding and stimulus strength, Vary pressure and watch firing rate increase. Synaptic transmission, Identify pre- and post-synaptic neurons and watch nerve firing. Lock and key neurotransmitter action, Drag neurotransmitters to correct sites on membrane. Excitation and inhibition, Vary excitation and inhibition and watch effect on firing rate. Cortical areas, Review location of cortical receiving areas. Part 2: RECEPTORS AND NEURAL PROCESSING. 1. The Stimulus for Vision and the Structure of the Visual System. The Visual Pathways, Identify visual system structures and see animation of signal''s journey from eye to brain. The Human Eye, Identify components of the eye. Cross section of the retina, Identify types of neurons in the retina. 2. The First Transformations: Light, Receptors and Electricity. Visual path within the eyeball, Animation showing electrical signals traveling through the retina and into the optic nerve. 3. Visual Pigments and Perception. Dark adaptation of the rods and cones, Animation of rod and cone adaptation curves. Types of cones, Review cone absorption spectra. 4. Neural Processing by Convergence. Receptor wiring and sensitivity, Demonstrates why rods are more sensitive than cones. Receptor wiring and acuity, Demonstrates why cones have better acuity than rods. 5. Neural Processing By Excitation and Inhibition. Simple neural circuits, Stimulate receptors and notice how different types of circuits work. Mapping receptive fields, Demonstration of center-surround receptive field mapping. Stimulus size and receptive fields, Vary spot size and see how firing rate changes. Receptive fields and stimulus size and shape, Vary bar width and see how firing rate changes. Lateral inhibition, See how increasing lateral inhibition decreases firing rate. Demonstration: Receptive field mapping, Map receptive fields of ganglion cells. 6. Neural Processing and Perception. Lateral inhibition in the Hermann grid, See how lateral inhibition explains the dark spots on the grid. Intensity and brightness, Move slider to see difference between intensity and brightness distributions. Mach bands, See how Mach bands can be explained by receptive fields. Simultaneous contrast, Vary intensities and see how brightness changes in a contrast display. Demonstration: Mach bands - You create intensity distributions. The program calculates perceptual response functions. (Baro InSight demonstration). Part 3: THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS AND STRIATE CORTEX. 1. Information Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1). Simple cells in the cortex, See how simple cell firing depends on orientation of a bar. Complex cells in the cortex, See how complex cell firing depends on orientation and direction of movement. Calculating grating contrast, Vary intensities of light and dark bars of a grating. Demonstration: Receptive field mapping - Map receptive

Table of Contents

Introduction to Perception	1	(34)
The Importance of Perception	2	(2)
The Perceptual Process	4	(4)
The Environmental Stimulus and the Attended Stimulus	4	(1)
The Stimulus on the Receptors	4	(1)
Transduction	5	(1)
Neural Processing	5	(1)
Perception	6	(1)
Recognition	6	(1)
Action	6	(1)
Knowledge	7	(1)
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing	8	(1)
Studying the Perceptual Process	8	(3)
Levels of Analysis	8	(1)
Cognitive Influences on Perception	9	(2)
Cross-Talk Between the Levels of Analysis	11	(1)
The Psychophysical Approach: Linking Stimulation and Perception	11	(2)
Description: The Phenomenological Method	12	(1)
Recognition: Categorizing a Stimulus	12	(1)
Detection	12	(1)
Summary Table 1.1	13	(5)
Perceiving Magnitude: Magnitude Estimation	16	(2)
Searching	18	(1)
Other Methods	18	(1)
The Physiological Approach: Linking Stimulation and Neural Firing	18	(10)
The Physiological Approach: Early History	18	(1)
Neurons and Electrical Signals	19	(1)
Recording Electrical Signals in Neurons	20	(2)
Basic Properties of Action Potentials	22	(1)
Chemical and Electrical Events at the Synapse	23	(1)
Basic Structure of the Brain	24	(2)
Studying Brain Activity in Humans	26	(2)
The Approach in This Book	28	(2)
Studying Perception at the Psychophysical and Physiological Levels	28	(1)
Going Beyond Perception to Study Recognition and Action	28	(1)
Considering Perception Across the Senses	28	(1)
Focusing on Cutting-Edge Research on Plasticity and Brain Imaging	28	(1)
How to Get the Most Out of This Book	29	(1)
Summary Table 1.2	30	(1)
Study Questions	31	(4)
Receptors and Neural Processing	35	(42)
The Stimulus for Vision and the Structure of the Visual System	37	(3)
Light: The Stimulus for Vision	37	(2)
The Visual System	39	(1)
The First Transformations: Light, Receptors, and Electricity	40	(8)
Light Is Reflected into the Eye and Focused on the Retina	40	(3)
Light Stimulates the Rod and Cone Receptors	43	(5)
Visual Pigments and Perception	48	(6)
Dark Adaptation of the Rods and Cones	49	(3)
Spectral Sensitivity of the Rods and Cones	52	(2)
Neural Processing by Convergence	54	(1)
The Convergence of Rod and Cone Signals	54	(1)
Summary Table 2.1	55	(3)
The Rods Are More Sensitive in the Dark than the Cones	55	(2)
The Cones Result in Better Detail Vision than the Rods	57	(1)
Neural Processing by Excitation and Inhibition	58	(6)
Introduction to Neural Circuits	58	(2)
Introduction to Receptive Fields	60	(3)
Lateral Inhibition	63	(1)
Neural Processing and Perception	64	(7)
Lateral Inhibition and the Hermann Grid	64	(2)
Lateral Inhibition and Mach Bands	66	(2)
Lateral Inhibition and Simultaneous Contrast	68	(3)
Brain Scan: Going Beyond the Information on the Retina	71	(1)
Across the Senses: The Indirectness of Perception	72	(1)
Summary Table 2.2	73	(1)
Study Questions	74	(3)
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Striate Cortex	77	(32)
Information Flow and Organization in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus	78	(3)
Information Flow in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus	78	(1)
Organization by Left and Right Eyes	79	(1)
Organization as a Retinotopic Map	80	(1)
Organization by Types of Ganglion Cells Arriving at the LGN	80	(1)
Information Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)	81	(8)
The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Orientation, Length, and Movement	82	(3)
The Psychophysics of Orientation Detectors	85	(3)
The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Spatial Frequency	88	(4)
The Psychophysics of Spatial Frequency Analyzers	92
Brain Scan: The Oblique Effect in the Striate Cortex	89	(5)
Summary Table 3.1	94	(1)
Organization of the Striate Cortex	95	(5)
The Retinotopic Map on the Cortex	95	(1)
Location Columns	96	(1)
Orientation Columns	96	(2)
Ocular Dominance Columns	98	(1)
Hypercolumns	98	(1)
Representation of an Object in the Striate Cortex	99	(1)
The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing for Orientation	100	(3)
Across the Senses: Maps and Columns	103	(1)
Summary Table 3.2	104	(1)
Study Questions	105	(4)
Higher-Level Visual Processing	109	(36)
Higher-Level Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)	110	(2)
Processing Streams in the Extrastriate Cortex	112	(5)
Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``Where''	112	(3)
Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``How''	115	(2)
Modularity in the Extrastriate Cortex	117	(6)
Middle Temporal Cortex (MT): A Module for Movement	118	(1)
Inferotemporal Cortex (IT): A Module for Form	118	(5)
Brain Scan: The Human Face Area	123	(1)
Summary Table 4.1	124
The Sensory Code: How Objects Are Represented in the Visual System	123	(4)
Specificity Coding	124	(1)
Distributed Coding	124	(3)
How Do Neurons Become Specialized?	127	(2)
Is Neural Selectivity Shaped by Evolution?	127	(1)
Evidence That Neural Selectivity Is Shaped by Experience	127	(2)
Connecting Physiology and Perception	129	(1)
Visual Attention: Visual and Neural Selectivity	130	(4)
The Selectivity of Attention	130	(1)
Can We See Without Attention?	131	(2)
Attention Affects Neural Responding	133	(1)
The Binding Problem: Combining Information from Different Areas	134	(3)
The Plasticity of Perception: Improved Neural Response Leads to Improved Perception	137	(1)
Across the Senses: Neurons That Respond to Vision and Touch	138	(2)
Summary Table 4.2	140	(1)
Study Questions	141	(4)
Perceiving Objects	145	(40)
The Gestalt Approach to Perceptual Organization: How Elements Are Grouped	146	(10)
The Beginnings of Gestalt Psychology	146	(2)
The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization	148	(5)
The Gestalt ``Laws'' Are Really Heuristics	153	(2)
More Principles of Perceptual Organization	155	(1)
Quantitative Measurement of the Grouping Effects	155	(1)
Perceptual Segregation: How Objects Are Separated	156	(5)
The Gestalt Approach to Figure-Ground Segregation	156	(2)
Modern Ideas About Figure-Ground Segregation	158	(3)
Summary Table 5.1	161
How Objects Are Constructed	160	(10)
Marr's Computational Approach to Object Perception	160	(3)
Feature Integration Theory	163	(5)
The Recognition-by-Components Approach	168	(2)
Brain Scan: Representation of Global Three-Dimensional Structure	170	(2)
Why Are There So Many Approaches to Object Perception?	171	(1)
The Intelligence of Object Perception	172	(6)
Why Computers Have Trouble Perceiving Objects	172	(3)
Heuristics: ``Best Guesses'' for Perception	175	(2)
Top-Down Processing and Object Perception	177	(1)
The Plasticity of Perception: The Co-Occurrence Effect	178	(1)
Across the Senses: Object Perception Across the Senses	179	(2)
Summary Table 5.2	181	(1)
Study Questions	182	(3)
Perceiving Color	185	(40)
Four Questions About Color	186	(4)
What Are Some Functions of Color Vision?	186	(1)
What Physical Attributes Are Associated with Color?	187	(2)
How Can We Describe Color Experience?	189	(1)
What Is the Neural Code for Color?	189	(1)
The Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision	190	(5)
Color-Matching Experiments	190	(1)
Trichromatic Theory	190	(1)
Physiology of Trichromatic Theory	191	(4)
Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision	195	(5)
The Phenomenological Observations	195	(2)
Opponent-Process Theory	197	(1)
The Physiology of Opponent-Process Theory	197	(3)
What We Still Don't Know About the Code for Color	200	(1)
Brain Scan: Distributed Nature of Color Representation in the Human Cortex	201	(1)
Summary Table 6.1	201
Color Deficiency	200	(4)
Monochromatism	202	(1)
Dichromatism	203	(1)
Physiological Mechanisms of Receptor-Based Color Deficiency	203	(1)
Cortical Color Blindness	204	(1)
Creating Color Experience	204	(2)
Color Constancy	206	(3)
Chromatic Adaptation	207	(2)
The Effect of Surroundings	209	(1)
Memory and Color	209	(1)
Lightness Constancy	209	(7)
Intensity Relationships: The Ratio Principle	210	(1)
Lightness Perception in Three-Dimensional Scenes	210	(6)
The Plasticity of Perception: Color Vision as an Adaptation to the Environment	216	(2)
Across the Senses: How Color Affects Taste and Smell	218	(1)
Summary Table 6.2	219	(1)
Study Questions	220	(5)
Perceiving Depth and Size	225	(44)
Oculomotor Cues	226	(1)
Monocular Cues	227	(6)
Pictorial Cues	227	(4)
Movement-Produced Cues	231	(2)
Binocular Depth Cues	233	(9)
Binocular Disparity and Stereopsis	233	(4)
Corresponding Retinal Points	237	(2)
Random-Dot Stereogram	239	(1)
Disparity Information in the Brain	240	(3)
The Correspondence Problem	243
Brain Scan: Stereopsis in the Brain	242	(2)
Depth Information Across Species	244	(3)
Summary Table 7.1	247	(1)
Perceiving Size	248	(6)
The Holway and Boring Experiment	248	(2)
Size Constancy	250	(4)
Visual Illusions	254	(7)
The Muller-Lyer Illusion	254	(3)
The Ponzo Illusion	257	(1)
The Ames Room	258	(1)
The Moon Illusion	259	(2)
The Plasticity of Perception: Sensitive Periods in the Development of Binocular Vision	261	(3)
Across the Senses: Visual and Auditory Space	264	(1)
Summary Table 7.2	265	(1)
Study Questions	266	(3)
Perceiving Movement	269	(32)
Four Ways to Create Perception of Movement	272	(4)
Real Movement	272	(1)
Apparent Movement	272	(1)
Induced Movement	273	(2)
Movement Aftereffect	275	(1)
Studying Movement Perception	275	(1)
Neural Feature Detectors and Movement Perception	276	(3)
A Neural Circuit for a Directionally Selective Neuron	277	(1)
Neural Firing and Judging the Direction of Movement	277	(2)
Corollary Discharge Theory: Taking Eye Movements into Account	279	(4)
Information for Movement in the Optic Array	283	(1)
Local Disturbances in the Optic Array	283	(1)
Global Optical Flow	283	(1)
Summary Table 8.1	284	(1)
Perceptual Organization and Movement Perception	285	(5)
Movement Creates Perceptual Organization	285	(5)
The Intelligence of Movement Perception	290	(4)
Heuristics and Movement Perception	290	(2)
Meaning and Movement Perception	292	(2)
Brain Scan: Brain Activity During Apparent Movement by the Human Body	294	(1)
The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing and Movement Perception	294	(1)
Across the Senses: Movement Perception Across the Senses	295	(2)
Summary Table 8.2	297	(1)
Study Questions	298	(3)
Perception and Action	301	(30)
Perception and the Moving Observer	302	(5)
Gibson's Ecological Approach to Perception	302	(1)
Environmental Information and Perception: Ecological Optics	303	(2)
Optic Flow: Self-Produced Information for Perception	305	(2)
Visual Control of Action	307	(9)
Moving Through the Environment	308	(2)
Posture and Balance	310	(2)
Colliding	312	(2)
Catching a Fly Ball	314	(1)
Somersaulting	315	(1)
Summary Table 9.1	316	(4)
Neural Mechanisms for the Visual Control of Action	315	(3)
Judging Slant Based on the Potential for Action	318	(2)
Grasping Objects: Where Perception Meets the Motor System	320	(4)
The Neural Pathway for Perception and Action	321	(1)
Mixing Vision and Action in the Parietal Lobe	321	(1)
Neurons for Recognizing the Actions of Others	321	(2)
What Are Mirror Neurons For?	323	(1)
Brain Scan: The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG): A Way to Measure Rapid Activity in Humans	324	(1)
Across the Senses: Action, Hearing, and Vision	325	(1)
Summary Table 9.2	326	(1)
Study Questions	327	(4)
Sound, the Auditory System, and Pitch Perception	331	(44)
The Functions of Hearing	332	(2)
The Sound Stimulus: Pressure Changes in the Air	334	(5)
The Sound Stimulus Produced by a Loudspeaker	334	(1)
Specifying the Amplitude of a Sound Stimulus	335	(2)
Specifying the Frequencies of Complex Sound Stimuli	337	(2)
Sound as a Perceptual Response: The Experience of Hearing	339	(4)
The Range of Hearing	339	(1)
Loudness	339	(3)
Pitch	342	(1)
Timbre	343	(1)
Summary Table 10.1	343	(1)
Auditory System: Structure and Function	343	(8)
The Outer Ear	344	(1)
The Middle Ear	345	(2)
The Inner Ear	347	(3)
The Auditory Pathways	350	(1)
Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea and Auditory Nerve	351	(10)
Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing	351	(3)
Physiological Evidence for Place Coding	354	(1)
Psychophysical Masking and Place Coding	355	(1)
The Basilar Membrane as a Frequency Analyzer	356	(3)
Why Are the Tuning Curves So Narrow?	359	(1)
Another Way to Signal Frequency: The Timing of Nerve Firing	359	(2)
Summary Table 10.2	361	(1)
Frequency Analysis in the Cortex	361	(5)
Processing Simple Tones	361	(1)
Processing Complex Sound Stimuli	362	(4)
The Plasticity of Perception: Stimulation Changes in the Auditory Cortex	366	(2)
Brain Scan: Musicians Have Larger Auditory Areas	368	(1)
Across the Senses: Cross-Modality Experience: Bright Tones and Colored Words	368	(2)
Summary Table 10.3	370	(1)
Study Questions	371	(4)
Auditory Localization, Sound Quality, and the Auditory Scene	375	(34)
Auditory Localization: Locating Single Sounds in Space	376	(10)
Information for Azimuth	377	(3)
Information for Elevation	380	(1)
Information for Distance	381	(1)
The Precedence Effect	382	(3)
The Physiological Basis for Localization	385	(1)
Brain Scan: A Motion Area in the Auditory Cortex	386	(4)
Summary Table 11.1	390	(1)
Sound Quality: What a Stimulus Sounds Like	391	(4)
Quality Determined by Characteristics of the Sound Source	391	(1)
Quality Determined by Characteristics of Rooms: Architectural Acoustics	392	(1)
Identifying Environmental Sounds	393	(2)
Auditory Scene Analysis: Identifying Sound Sources	395	(7)
The Problem of Auditory Scene Analysis Principles of Auditory Grouping	396	(6)
Across the Senses and Plasticity: How Vision Can Affect Hearing	402	(3)
Summary Table 11.2	405	(1)
Study Questions	406	(3)
Speech Perception	409	(26)
The Speech Stimulus	410	(3)
Phonemes: Sounds and Meanings	410	(1)
The Acoustic Signal: Patterns of Pressure Changes	411	(2)
Problems Posed by the Speech Stimulus	413	(3)
The Segmentation Problem	413	(1)
The Variability Problem	413	(3)
Stimulus Dimensions of Speech Perception	416	(4)
The Search for Invariant Acoustic Cues: Matching Physical Energy and Phonemes	416	(1)
Categorical Perception: An Example of Constancy in Speech Perception	417	(2)
The Multimodal Nature of Speech Perception: Information from Hearing and Vision	419	(1)
Brain Scan: Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading	420	(1)
Summary Table 12.1	421	(1)
Cognitive Dimensions of Speech Perception	421	(4)
Meaning and Segmentation	422	(1)
Meaning and Phoneme Perception	423	(1)
Meaning and Word Perception	423	(1)
Speaker Characteristics	424	(1)
The Physiology of Speech Perception	425	(2)
Neural Responses to Speech and Complex Sounds	425	(1)
Localization of Function	426	(1)
Is Speech ``Special''?	427	(2)
The Plasticity of Perception: Differences Between American and Japanese Listeners	429	(1)
Across the Senses: Tadoma: ``Hearing'' with Touch	430	(1)
Summary Table 12.2	431	(1)
Study Questions	432	(3)
The Cutaneous Senses	435	(38)
The Skin and Its Receptors	437	(7)
The Skin	437	(1)
Mechanoreceptors in the Skin	437	(6)
Thermoreceptors: The Neural Response to Temperature	443	(1)
Neural Processing for Touch	444	(7)
Mechanoreceptors and the Perception of Details	444	(2)
Processing in the Cortex	446	(5)
Summary Table 13.1	451	(1)
Tactile Object Recognition	451	(5)
Passive Touch and Active Touch	451	(1)
Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration	452	(1)
The Physiology of Active Touch	453	(3)
The Plasticity of Perception: Plasticity in the Cutaneous System	456	(4)
Summary Table 13.2	460	(1)
Pain Perception: Neural Firing and Cognitive Influences	460	(2)
The Anatomy and Experience of Pain	461	(1)
Cognitive and Experiential Aspects of Pain Perception	462	(2)
Gate Control Theory	464	(1)
Pain Control by Endorphins	465
Brain Scan: Where Is the Unpleasantness of Pain Signaled in the Brain?	462	(5)
Across the Senses: Parallels Between Touch and Vision	467	(1)
Summary Table 13.3	468	(1)
Study Questions	469	(4)
The Chemical Senses	473	(36)
Olfaction: Uses and Facts	475	(3)
The Olfactory System	478	(4)
The Olfactory Mucosa	478	(3)
The Brain	481	(1)
The Neural Code for Odor Molecules	482	(4)
The Response of ORNs	482	(1)
The Response of Glomeruli	483	(1)
The Olfactory Code Is a Pattern	484	(1)
Central Processing of Olfactory Information	485	(1)
Brain Scan: Sniff Responses in the Human Brain	486	(1)
Summary Table 14.1	487	(1)
The Taste System	487	(3)
The Tongue and Transduction	487	(2)
Central Destinations of Taste Signals	489	(1)
Taste Quality	490	(1)
The Four Basic Taste Qualities	490	(1)
The Genetics of Taste Experience	491	(1)
The Neural Code for Taste Quality	491	(4)
Distributed Coding	492	(1)
Specificity Coding	493	(1)
Is Coding Distributed or Specific?	493	(2)
The Perception of Flavor	495	(7)
Flavor = Taste + Olfaction	496	(2)
Changes in Flavor During a Meal	498	(1)
The Physiology of Flavor Perception	499	(3)
The Plasticity of Perception: Learning Smell-Taste Associations	502	(1)
Across the Senses: Seeing a Smell: A Colorometric Electronic Nose	503	(2)
Summary Table 14.2	505	(1)
Study Questions	506	(3)
Perceptual Development	509	(36)
Measuring Infant Perception	510	(3)
Problems in Measuring Infant Perception	510	(1)
Preferential Looking	511	(1)
Habituation	511	(2)
Infant Perceptual Capacities: Vision	513	(15)
Acuity and Contrast	513	(3)
Perceiving Objects	516	(5)
Perceiving Color	521	(2)
Perceiving Depth	523	(3)
Perceiving Movement	526	(2)
Summary Table 15.1	528	(1)
Infant Perceptual Capacities: Hearing and the Chemical Senses	528	(10)
Hearing	529	(2)
Speech Perception	531	(3)
Olfaction and Taste	534	(4)
The Plasticity of Perception: The Development of Myopia	538	(2)
Across the Senses: Intermodal Perception in Infants	540	(2)
Summary Table 15.2	542	(1)
Study Questions	543	(2)
Clinical Aspects of Vision and Hearing	545	(19)
Visual Impairment	546	(1)
How Can Vision Become Impaired?	546	(1)
Focusing Problems	547	(4)
Myopia	547	(1)
Hyperopia	547	(1)
Presbyopia	547	(1)
Astigmatism	547	(4)
Decreased Transmission of Light	551	(3)
What Is Blindness?	551	(1)
Corneal Disease and Injury	552	(1)
Clouding of the Lens (Cataract)	553	(1)
Damage to the Retina	554	(3)
Diabetic Retinopathy	554	(1)
Macular Degeneration	555	(1)
Detached Retina	556	(1)
Hereditary Retinal Degeneration	557	(1)
Optic Nerve Damage: Glaucoma	557	(1)
The Eye Examination	558	(7)
Who Examines Eyes?	559	(1)
What Happens During an Eye Exam?	559	(6)
Summary Table 16.1	565
HEARING IMPAIRMENT	564	(19)
How Can Hearing Become Impaired?	564	(2)
Conductive Hearing Loss	566	(1)
Outer-Ear Disorders	566	(1)
Middle-Ear Disorders	567	(1)
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	567	(2)
Presbycusis	567	(1)
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss	567	(1)
Tinnitus	568	(1)
Meniere's Disease	568	(1)
Neural Hearing Loss	569	(1)
The Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation	569	(3)
Who Examines Ears and Evaluates Hearing?	569	(1)
What Happens During an Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation?	569	(3)
Managing Hearing Loss	572	(5)
The Plasticity of Perception: Decrease in Cortical Function Due to Aging	577	(1)
Across the Senses: Deafness and Visual Attention	578	(1)
Summary Table 16.2	579	(1)
Study Questions	580	(3)
Appendix A: Signal Detection: Procedure and Theory	583	(8)
Is There an Absolute Threshold?	583	(1)
A Signal Detection Experiment	584	(3)
Signal Detection Theory	587	(4)
Signal and Noise	587	(1)
Probability Distributions	587	(1)
The Criterion	588	(1)
The Effect of Sensitivity on the ROC Curve	589	(2)
Appendix B: Determining Spatial Frequencies Using Fourier Analysis	591	(4)
Glossary	595	(26)
References	621	(34)
Author Index	655	(8)
Subject Index	663	(16)
Credits	679