Speech Science An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice (with CD-ROM)

by Ferrand, Carole T.

• ISBN13: 9780205480258
• ISBN10: 020548025X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-07-28
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Speech Science integrates scientific material on the acoustics, anatomy, and physiology of speech production and perception with state-of-the-art instrumental techniques used in clinical practice. #xA0; Each chapter presenting theoretical information is followed by a corresponding chapter on clinical application, demonstrating the connections between scientific theory and clinical management of communication disorders. To reinforce this link, case studies and questions in each clinical application chapter help students focus on how scientific principles are applied in clinical contexts. #xA0; Call-out notes, summary points, and review questions help students consolidate material for improved retention. Schematic illustrations enhance the text and demonstrate anatomical and functional relationships between structures. With this student- and instructor-friendly text, students will find theoretical information meaningful, less intimidating, and more easily accessible. #xA0; The Second Edition features two new chapters on neurology that present a comprehensive yet targeted discussion of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology relevant to speech production (Ch. 12) and examine current brain imaging techniques (Ch. 13). In each clinical application chapter, case studies and follow-up questions reinforce the link between science and clinical application.#xA0; Pedagogical aides such as call-out notes in the margins have been included in all chapters to underscore important concepts.#xA0; Plus, this edition comes packaged with a new DVD to accompany the text that provides visualizations of many important concepts, as well as self-test quizzes for students to evaluate their understanding of the material.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface to Second Edition	xv
Acknowledgments	xvi
Introduction	1	(6)
Overview of Chapters	3	(4)
The Nature of Sound	7	(43)
Air Pressure	8	(24)
Measurement of Air Pressure	8	(2)
Movement of Air	10	(1)
Air Pressure, Volume, and Density	11	(1)
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure	12	(2)
Elasticity and Inertia	14	(2)
Wave Motion of Sound	16	(1)
Characteristics of Sound Waves	17	(1)
Frequency and Period	17	(4)
Velocity and Wavelength	21	(1)
Sound Absorption and Reflection	21	(1)
Constructive and Destructive Interference	22	(2)
Pure Tones and Complex Waves	24	(3)
Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves	27	(1)
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra	27	(5)
Attributes of Sounds	32	(10)
Frequency and Pitch	33	(1)
Human Range of Hearing	34	(1)
Amplitude and Intensity	34	(1)
Amplitude	34	(1)
Intensity	35	(1)
Decibel Scale	36	(5)
Advantages of the Decibel Scale	41	(1)
Auditory Area	41	(1)
Resonance	42	(8)
Free and Forced Vibration	42	(2)
Types of Resonators	44	(1)
Acoustic Resonators	44	(1)
Acoustic Resonators as Filters	44	(1)
Bandwidth	45	(1)
Cutoff Frequencies	46	(1)
Resonance Curves	47	(1)
Parameters of a Filter	48	(1)
Types of Filters	48	(1)
Summary	49	(1)
Review Exercises	49	(1)
Clinical Application Frequency and Intensity Variables	50	(18)
Vocal Frequency and Amplitude	51	(10)
Frequency Variables	52	(1)
Average Fundamental Frequency	52	(3)
Frequency Variability	55	(1)
Maximum Phonational Frequency Range	56	(1)
Amplitude and Intensity Variables	57	(1)
Average Amplitude Level	57	(1)
Amplitude Variability	58	(1)
Dynamic Range	59	(1)
Voice Range Profile	59	(2)
Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude	61	(5)
Voice Disorders	61	(3)
Neurological Disorders	64	(2)
Clinical Study	66	(2)
Background	66	(1)
Acoustic Measures	66	(1)
Clinical Questions	66	(1)
Summary	67	(1)
Review Exercises	67	(1)
The Respiratory System	68	(34)
The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System	69	(33)
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System	69	(1)
Bronchial Tree	69	(5)
Muscles of Respiration	74	(3)
Accessory Muscles of Respiration	77	(1)
Muscles of the Abdomen	77	(1)
Pleural Linkage	78	(1)
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs	79	(1)
Inhalation	79	(1)
Exhalation	80	(1)
Rate of Breathing	80	(1)
Lung Volumes and Capacities	81	(1)
Resting Expiratory Level	82	(1)
Lung Volumes	83	(1)
Tidal Volume	83	(1)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume	84	(1)
Expiratory Reserve Volume	84	(1)
Residual Volume	85	(1)
Dead Air	85	(1)
Lung Capacities	86	(1)
Vital Capacity	86	(1)
Functional Residual Capacity	86	(1)
Total Lung Capacity	86	(1)
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities	87	(1)
Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech	87	(1)
Location of Air Intake	88	(1)
Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation	89	(1)
Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle	90	(1)
Muscle Activity for Exhalation	90	(2)
Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration	92	(1)
Air Pressures	93	(2)
Airflow	95	(1)
Lung Volume and Chest-Wall Shape	96	(1)
Breathing Patterns for Speech	97	(2)
Changes in Speech Breathing over the Lifespan	99	(1)
Summary	100	(1)
Review Exercises	101	(1)
Clinical Application Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production	102	(13)
Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing	104	(8)
Parkinson's Disease	104	(1)
Cerebellar Disease	105	(1)
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury	106	(1)
Cerebral Palsy	107	(2)
Mechanical Ventilation	109	(1)
Voice Disorders	110	(1)
Hearing Impairment	111	(1)
Clinical Study	112	(3)
Background	112	(1)
Clinical Observations	112	(1)
Acoustic Measures	113	(1)
Clinical Questions	113	(1)
Summary	113	(1)
Review Exercises	114	(1)
The Phonatory System	115	(41)
The Vocal Mechanism	116	(22)
Laryngeal Skeleton	116	(1)
Bones and Cartilages	116	(3)
Joints of the Larynx	119	(2)
Valves within the Larynx	121	(1)
Aryepiglottic Folds	122	(1)
False Vocal Folds	122	(1)
True Vocal Folds	123	(1)
Cover-Body Model	123	(1)
Glottis	124	(1)
Muscles of the Larynx	125	(1)
Extrinsic Muscles	125	(2)
Intrinsic Muscles	127	(3)
Myoelastic--Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation	130	(1)
Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration	130	(2)
Voice Fundamental Frequency	132	(1)
Voice Intensity	132	(1)
Pressures Involved in Phonation	132	(1)
The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice	133	(1)
Glottal Spectrum	133	(1)
Harmonic Spacing	134	(2)
Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice	136	(1)
Sources of Jitter and Shimmer	136	(1)
Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer	137	(1)
Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality	138	(4)
Vocal Registers	138	(2)
Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers	140	(1)
Pulse	140	(1)
Falsetto	141	(1)
Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto	141	(1)
Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking	141	(1)
Voice Quality	142	(14)
Normal Voice Quality	143	(2)
Abnormal Voice Qualities	145	(1)
Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice	146	(1)
Breathy Voice	146	(1)
Rough or Hoarse Voice	147	(1)
Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality	148	(1)
Electroglottography	148	(3)
EGG and Register	151	(2)
EGG Slope Quotients	153	(1)
Summary	154	(1)
Review Exercises	155	(1)
Clinical Application Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality	156	(11)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures	156	(9)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders	157	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	158	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	158	(1)
Endotracheal Intubation	159	(1)
Laryngeal Cancer	159	(1)
Functional Voice Problems	160	(1)
Stuttering	160	(1)
Measures of Voice Quality	161	(1)
Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality	161	(1)
Aging	162	(1)
EGG and Vocal Disorders	163	(1)
EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia	163	(1)
EGG and Parkinson's Disease	164	(1)
Clinical Study	165	(2)
Background	165	(1)
Clinical Observations	165	(1)
Acoustic Measures	165	(1)
Clinical Questions	165	(1)
Summary	166	(1)
Review Exercises	166	(1)
The Articulatory System	167	(65)
Articulators of the Vocal Tract	168	(19)
Oral Cavity	168	(1)
Lips	169	(2)
Teeth	171	(1)
Dental Occlusion	172	(1)
Hard Palate	173	(1)
Soft Palate	174	(2)
Muscles of the Velum	176	(2)
Velopharyngeal Closure	178	(1)
Tongue	179	(1)
Muscles of the Tongue	180	(1)
Tongue Movements for Speech	181	(2)
Pharynx	183	(1)
Muscles of the Pharynx	184	(1)
Nasal Cavities	185	(1)
Valves of the Vocal Tract	185	(2)
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels	187	(9)
Place of Articulation of English Consonants	188	(1)
Manner of Articulation of English Consonants	188	(1)
Stops	188	(2)
Fricatives	190	(1)
Affricates	190	(1)
Nasals	191	(2)
Glides	193	(1)
Liquids	193	(1)
Voicing	194	(1)
Vowel Classification	194	(2)
Vocal Tract Resonance	196	(29)
Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator	197	(2)
Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave	199	(1)
Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production	199	(2)
Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes	201	(3)
Vowel Formant Frequencies	204	(2)
F1/F2 Plots	206	(1)
Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds	206	(2)
Vowels	208	(1)
Diphthongs	208	(3)
Glides	211	(1)
Liquids	212	(1)
Stops	213	(7)
Fricatives	220	(4)
Affricates	224	(1)
Nasals	224	(1)
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context	225	(7)
Coarticulation	226	(1)
Suprasegmentals	227	(1)
Intonation	228	(1)
Stress	229	(1)
Duration	230	(1)
Summary	231	(1)
Review Exercises	231	(1)
Clinical Application Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants	232	(18)
Source-Filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production	233	(15)
Dysarthria	234	(1)
Vowel Duration Measurements	234	(1)
Vowel Formant Measurements	235	(3)
Consonant Measures	238	(2)
Hearing Impairment	240	(1)
Segmental Problems	240	(1)
Suprasegmental Problems	241	(1)
Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers	242	(1)
Palatometry and Glossometry	243	(1)
Phonological Disorders	244	(2)
Tracheotomy	246	(1)
Cleft Palate	247	(1)
Clinical Study	248	(2)
Background	248	(1)
Clinical Observations	248	(1)
Acoustic Measures	248	(1)
Clinical Questions	248	(1)
Summary	249	(1)
Review Exercises	249	(1)
The Auditory System	250	(35)
Parts of the Ear	251	(10)
Outer Ear	251	(1)
Tympanic Membrane	252	(1)
Middle Ear	253	(1)
Ossicles	253	(1)
Muscles	253	(1)
Auditory Tube	254	(1)
Functions of the Middle Ear	254	(1)
Inner Ear	255	(2)
Cochlea	257	(2)
Basilar Membrane	259	(1)
Cochlear Function	259	(2)
Perception of Speech	261	(12)
Segmentation Problem	261	(1)
Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception	262	(1)
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs	262	(1)
Vowels	262	(3)
Diphthongs	265	(1)
Perception of Consonants	266	(1)
Categorical Perception	266	(1)
Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception	267	(1)
Influence of Coarticulation	268	(1)
Liquids	268	(1)
Glides	268	(1)
Nasals	269	(1)
Stops	269	(2)
Fricatives	271	(1)
Affricates	272	(1)
The Role of Context in Speech Perception	272	(1)
Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants	273	(12)
Immittance Audiometry	274	(1)
Tympanograms	274	(1)
Tympanometric Procedure	275	(1)
Tympanogram Shapes	276	(3)
Advantages of Tympanometry	279	(1)
Otoacoustic Emissions	280	(1)
Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions	280	(1)
Cochlear Implants	281	(3)
Summary	284	(1)
Review Exercises	284	(1)
Clinical Application Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits	285	(16)
Hearing Loss	286	(6)
Vowel Perception	287	(1)
Consonant Perception	287	(3)
Cochlear Implants	290	(1)
Training for Cochlear Implant Users	290	(1)
Otitis Media	291	(1)
Language and Reading Disability	292	(4)
Articulatory Problems	296	(2)
Clinical Study	298	(3)
Background	298	(1)
Acoustic Measures	299	(1)
Clinical Questions	299	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Review Exercises	299	(2)
The Nervous System	301	(66)
Brain Tissue	302	(4)
Glial Cells	302	(1)
Neurons	303	(2)
Types of Neurons	305	(1)
Sensory Receptors	306	(1)
Neuronal Function	307	(4)
Conduction Velocity	311	(1)
Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System	312	(43)
Central Nervous System	312	(1)
Meninges	312	(2)
Ventricles	314	(1)
Overview of Functional Brain Anatomy	314	(2)
Cortex	316	(3)
Lobes of the Brain	319	(5)
Cortical Connections	324	(2)
Subcortical Areas of the Brain	326	(1)
Basal Nuclei	327	(2)
Thalamus	329	(1)
Hypothalamus	330	(1)
Brainstem	331	(1)
Midbrain	331	(2)
Pons	333	(1)
Medulla	333	(1)
Cerebellum	333	(3)
Spinal Cord	336	(7)
Cranial Nerves	343	(1)
CN V: Trigeminal	343	(1)
CN VII: Facial	343	(2)
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear	345	(2)
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal	347	(1)
CN X: Vagus	347	(3)
CN XII: Hypoglossal	350	(1)
Blood Supply to the Brain	350	(5)
Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production	355	(12)
Motor Cortex	356	(1)
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons	357	(1)
Direct and Indirect Systems	358	(3)
Motor Units	361	(2)
Principles of Motor Control	363	(1)
Feedback and Feedforward	363	(2)
Efference Copy	365	(1)
Summary	365	(1)
Review Exercises	366	(1)
Clinical Application Brain Function Measures	367	(17)
Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure	368	(2)
Computerized Tomography	368	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	369	(1)
Techniques for Imaging Brain Function	370	(4)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging	370	(1)
Positron Emission Tomography	371	(1)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography	372	(1)
Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials	373	(1)
Use of Brain-Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders	374	(7)
Stuttering	375	(2)
Parkinson's Disease	377	(2)
Multiple Sclerosis	379	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	379	(2)
Clinical Study	381	(3)
Background	381	(1)
Clinical Observations	381	(1)
Findings	382	(1)
Clinical Questions	382	(1)
Summary	382	(1)
Review Exercises	382	(2)
Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception	384	(21)
Theories	385	(1)
Models	386	(2)
Speech Production	388	(1)
The Serial-Order Issue	388	(1)
Degrees of Freedom	388	(1)
Context-Sensitivity Problem	389	(1)
Theories of Speech Production	389	(4)
Target Models	389	(2)
Feedback and Feedforward Models	391	(1)
Dynamic Systems Models	392	(1)
Connectionist Models	392	(1)
Speech Perception	393	(3)
Linearity and Segmentation	393	(1)
Speaker Normalization	394	(1)
Basic Unit of Perception	395	(1)
Specialization of Speech Perception	395	(1)
Categories of Speech Perception Theories	396	(1)
Active versus Passive	397	(1)
Bottom-Up versus Top-Down	397	(1)
Autonomous versus Interactive	397	(1)
Theories of Speech Perception	397	(8)
Motor Theory	397	(2)
Acoustic Invariance Theory	399	(1)
Direct Realism	399	(2)
Trace Model	401	(1)
Logogen Theory	401	(1)
Cohort Theory	402	(1)
Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception	402	(1)
Native Language Magnet Theory	403	(1)
Summary	404	(1)
Review Exercises	404	(1)
Appendix	405	(2)
IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels
Glossary	407	(20)
References	427	(16)
Index	443