Teaching In The Secondary School

by Savage, Tom V.; Savage, Marsha K.; Armstrong, David G.

• ISBN13: 9780131194410
• ISBN10: 0131194410
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For General Secondary Methods and Introduction to Secondary Schools courses.Preparing secondary school teachers for the realities of teaching in today's classrooms can be daunting. Teaching in the Secondary School: An Introduction, 6th Edition, which takes a reflective approach to learning, prepares teachers for today's classroom through increased emphasis on curriculum, differentiated instruction, assessment, and unit and lesson planning. Teachers enter the classroom prepared with practical skills and lessons to create a successful environment for learning where all students succeed.

Table of Contents

Part 1: The Setting Today	2	(86)
The Changing World of Teaching	5	(28)
Objectives	6	(1)
Introduction	6	(2)
Reasons for Teaching	8	(4)
Making a Contribution to Society	8	(1)
Enjoying Freedom to Work with Few Constraints	9	(1)
Transmitting Academic Content	9	(1)
Helping Students Develop as Individuals	10	(1)
Being Rewarded for Good Performance	11	(1)
Historical Development of Secondary Education	12	(4)
The Senior High School	12	(2)
The Junior High School	14	(1)
The Middle School	14	(2)
Reform Proposals	16	(5)
No Child Left Behind	18	(2)
Breaking Ranks: Changing an American Institution	20	(1)
Reform Movement Trends	21	(5)
Standards-Based Education	21	(2)
High-Stakes Testing	23	(1)
Accountability	24	(2)
Improving Teacher Quality	26	(2)
Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (1999)	26	(1)
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards	26	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	28	(1)
Reflections	29	(1)
Learning Extensions	29	(1)
References	30	(3)
Students and Schools	33	(26)
Objectives	34	(1)
Introduction	34	(1)
Diversity of the Student Population	35	(4)
Racial and Ethnic Diversity	35	(2)
Poverty and Success at School	37	(1)
Students with Disabilities	38	(1)
Families and Students	39	(1)
Patterns of Adolescent Development	39	(4)
Characteristics of Quality Secondary Schools	43	(3)
The Consensus View	44	(1)
The Conflict View	45	(1)
Distinctive Programs	46	(8)
Coalition of Essential Schools	46	(1)
Breakthrough High Schools	47	(2)
Advanced Placement Program	49	(1)
International Baccalaureate Program	50	(1)
Safe Schools: The Issue of Violence in Schools	50	(4)
Key Ideas in Summary	54	(1)
Learning Extensions	55	(1)
References	56	(3)
Accommodating Diversity	59	(29)
Objectives	60	(1)
Introduction	60	(1)
Minority Students	61	(9)
Risk Factors	61	(1)
Historic Views of Minorities	62	(2)
Guidelines for Promoting Academic Success	64	(6)
Exceptional Students	70	(13)
Legislative Foundations of Programs	71	(2)
Students with Disabilities	73	(7)
Gifted and Talented Students	80	(3)
Key Ideas in Summary	83	(1)
Reflections	84	(1)
Learning Extensions	85	(1)
References	86	(2)
Part 2: Preparing for Teaching	88	(140)
Reflective Teaching	91	(26)
Objectives	92	(1)
Introduction	92	(2)
What Is Reflective Teaching?	94	(2)
Reflective Decision Making	96	(14)
Context Considerations	97	(4)
Personal Knowledge	101	(1)
Professional Knowledge	102	(7)
Making Fluid Plans	109	(1)
Formal and Informal Professional Growth Opportunities	110	(1)
The Professional Development Portfolio	110	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	112	(2)
Reflections	114	(1)
Learning Extensions	114	(1)
References	114	(3)
Content Selection and Development of Objectives	117	(28)
Objectives	118	(1)
Introduction	118	(1)
Factors Influencing Content Selection	118	(7)
Political Influences	118	(1)
State Standards and Frameworks	119	(1)
High-Stakes Testing	119	(2)
International Comparisons of Student Achievement	121	(1)
Textbook Selection	122	(1)
Availability of Support Materials	123	(1)
Teacher Background	124	(1)
Understanding the Structure of Knowledge	125	(5)
Facts	126	(1)
Concepts	126	(2)
Generalizations, Principles, and Laws	128	(2)
Developing Goals and Instructional Objectives	130	(12)
Goals	130	(1)
Instructional Objectives	131	(5)
Putting It All Together: The ABCD Format	136	(6)
Key Ideas in Summary	142	(1)
Learning Extensions	142	(1)
References	143	(2)
Planning Units and Lessons	145	(30)
Objectives	146	(1)
Introduction	146	(1)
Planning Stages	146	(2)
Long-Term Planning	147	(1)
Intermediate-Term Planning	147	(1)
Short-Term Planning	147	(1)
Variables That Influence Planning	148	(3)
Teacher Characteristics	148	(1)
Student Characteristics	148	(1)
The Learning Context	149	(1)
Available Time	149	(1)
Learning Resources	150	(1)
Instructional Units	151	(9)
Basic Unit Types: Single Subject and Interdisciplinary	152	(1)
The Planning Process	152	(1)
Elements	153	(7)
Lesson Plans	160	(11)
The Planning Process	166	(3)
Providing for the Needs of Special Groups of Students	169	(1)
Choosing a Format	169	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	171	(1)
Reflections	171	(1)
Learning Extensions	172	(1)
References	172	(3)
Differentiating Instruction	175	(28)
Objectives	176	(1)
Introduction	176	(2)
Defining Differentiated Instruction	178	(1)
Altering Variables to Accommodate Individual Differences	178	(8)
Altering the Rate of Learning	179	(2)
Altering the Context of Learning	181	(2)
Altering the Method of Learning	183	(1)
Altering the Goals of Learning	184	(2)
Committing to Differentiated Approaches	186	(10)
Activity Packages	186	(2)
Book Circles	188	(1)
Learning Centers	189	(2)
Computers and Differentiated Instruction	191	(2)
Peer Tutoring	193	(2)
Differentiation Through Sheltered Instruction	195	(1)
Conclusion	196	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	198	(1)
Reflections	199	(1)
Learning Extensions	200	(1)
References	200	(3)
Management and Discipline	203	(25)
Objectives	204	(1)
Introduction	204	(1)
Why Do Students Misbehave?	205	(1)
Defining Management and Discipline	206	(3)
Management	206	(2)
Discipline	208	(1)
The Management Dimension: Preventing Problems	209	(6)
Teacher Leadership and Authority	209	(3)
Teacher Consistency	212	(1)
Managing the Physical Environment	212	(3)
The Discipline Dimension: Preventing Problems	215	(4)
Maximizing Student Involvement	215	(2)
Teaching Conflict Resolution	217	(1)
Emphasizing Private Correction	218	(1)
Choosing Misbehavior Means Choosing to Experience the Consequences	218	(1)
The Discipline Dimension: Responding Systematically to Problems	219	(5)
Responses Supporting Self-Control	219	(2)
Providing Situational Assistance	221	(1)
Implementing Severe Consequences	222	(2)
Conclusion	224	(1)
Key Ideas in Summary	225	(1)
Reflections	226	(1)
Learning Extensions	226	(1)
References	226	(2)
Part 3: The Instructional Act	228	(142)
Models of Direct Instruction	231	(26)
Objectives	232	(1)
Introduction	232	(1)
Determining the Instructional ``Worth'' of Direct Instruction	233	(1)
Basic Characteristics of Direct Instruction	234	(3)
Academic Focus	234	(1)
Formal Delivery to the Whole Class	234	(2)
Constant Monitoring to Check for Understanding	236	(1)
Controlled Classroom Practice	236	(1)
Underlying Principles of Direct Instruction	237	(1)
Direct Instruction: Lesson Models	238	(9)
Emphasizing Objectives	240	(1)
Motivating Learning	241	(1)
Recalling Previous Learning	242	(1)
Presenting New Information	242	(2)
Recognizing Key Points	244	(1)
Applying New Information	245	(1)
Assessing New Learning	245	(2)
Implementing Direct Learning	247	(2)
Teaching at the Appropriate Level of Difficulty	247	(1)
Conducting Appropriate Task Analyses	248	(1)
Attending to Lesson Closure	248	(1)
Conducting Periodic Reviews	249	(1)
Reflecting on Direct Instruction	249	(2)
Direct Instruction and Student Characteristics	251	(1)
This Chapter as an Example of Direct Instruction	251	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	253	(1)
Reflections	254	(1)
Learning Extensions	254	(1)
References	255	(2)
Teaching for Higher-Level Outcomes	257	(32)
Objectives	258	(1)
Introduction	258	(1)
Metacognition	259	(4)
Teacher Modeling	260	(1)
Visualizing Thinking	261	(2)
Discovery Learning	263	(9)
Comparing, Contrasting, and Generalizing	264	(2)
Inquiry Teaching	266	(5)
Simulations	271	(1)
Creative Thinking	272	(1)
Brainstorming	272	(1)
Critical Thinking	273	(2)
Analytic Brainstorming	273	(2)
Problem Solving	275	(3)
Decision Making	278	(6)
An Example of a Basic Decision-Making Lesson	279	(1)
Issues, Values, and Consequences Analysis	280	(4)
Key Ideas in Summary	284	(1)
Reflections	285	(1)
Learning Extensions	286	(1)
References	287	(2)
Small-Group and Cooperative Learning	289	(28)
Objectives	290	(1)
Introduction	290	(1)
Creating Conditions That Facilitate Small-Group Learning	291	(2)
Teaching Prerequisite Skills	292	(1)
Understanding Peer Relationships	292	(1)
Creating a Climate of Respect and Trust	293	(1)
Decreasing the Number of Risk Factors	293	(3)
Implementing Cooperative Goal Structures	294	(2)
Preparing Students to Work in Small Groups	296	(2)
Two-by-Two	296	(1)
Think-Pair-Share	296	(1)
Inside-Outside	297	(1)
Numbered Heads Together	297	(1)
Buzz Session	298	(1)
Two Popular Small-Group Techniques	298	(3)
Classroom Debate	298	(2)
Educational Simulations	300	(1)
Cooperative Learning Approaches	301	(11)
Student Teams-Achievement Divisions	304	(1)
Teams-Games-Tournaments	305	(2)
Jigsaw	307	(2)
Learning Together	309	(1)
Group Investigation	310	(2)
Cooperative Learning in Diverse Classrooms	312	(1)
Key Ideas in Summary	313	(1)
Reflections	314	(1)
Learning Extensions	314	(1)
References	315	(2)
Reading Across the Curriculum	317	(26)
Objectives	318	(1)
Introduction	318	(1)
Creating Conditions to Stimulate Reading	318	(1)
A Reading Framework	319	(17)
Preparation Phase	320	(9)
Assistance Phase: Building Comprehension	329	(4)
Reflection Phase: Questioning, Writing, and Discussing	333	(3)
Using Trade Books in the Content Classroom	336	(2)
Key Ideas in Summary	338	(1)
Learning Extensions	339	(1)
References	340	(3)
Assessing Student Learning	343	(27)
Objectives	344	(1)
Introduction	344	(1)
Assessment and Evaluation	345	(1)
Basic Assessment Principles	345	(1)
Connecting Instruction and Assessment	346	(2)
Focusing on Important Outcomes	347	(1)
Assessment Options	348	(15)
Constructing a Test	348	(7)
Authentic, Natural Assessment	355	(6)
Standardized Assessment	361	(2)
Evaluation and Grading	363	(4)
Types of Criteria	365	(1)
Establishing a Grading Plan	366	(1)
Key Ideas in Summary	367	(1)
Learning Extensions	368	(1)
References	369	(1)
Part 4: The Professional Context	370	(57)
Legal Issues	373	(26)
Objectives	374	(1)
Introduction	374	(1)
Legal Issues Affecting Students	375	(10)
Student Responsibilities	375	(2)
Student Rights	377	(8)
Legal Issues Affecting Teachers	385	(10)
Conditions of Employment	385	(1)
Teacher's Contracts	386	(2)
Dismissal and Due Process	388	(1)
Reporting Suspected Child Abuse	389	(1)
Legal Liability	389	(2)
Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression	391	(2)
Copyright Law	393	(1)
Teachers' Private Lives	394	(1)
Key Ideas in Summary	395	(1)
Learning Extensions	396	(1)
References	397	(2)
Career-Long Professional Growth	399	(28)
Objectives	400	(1)
Introduction	400	(1)
What Is a Professional?	401	(2)
Specialized Knowledge and Skill	401	(1)
Selective Admission to Preparation Programs	402	(1)
Students as a Top Priority	402	(1)
Autonomy and High Standards	403	(1)
Professional Development Stages	403	(5)
Survival Stage	404	(3)
Mastery Stage	407	(1)
Impact Stage	407	(1)
Teacher Development Stages: Summary	408	(1)
Evaluating Classroom Performance	408	(5)
Self-Evaluation	409	(2)
Peer Evaluation	411	(1)
Supervisor Evaluation	412	(1)
Professional Growth Opportunities	413	(5)
Staff Development Activities	414	(1)
College and University Courses	414	(1)
Professional Organization Work	415	(3)
Career Options	418	(4)
Department Chair	418	(1)
Curriculum Coordinator	419	(1)
School Administrator	419	(1)
School Counselor	419	(1)
State Education Agency Employee	420	(1)
Teacher Educator	420	(1)
Opportunities Outside of Education	421	(1)
Final Comments	422	(1)
Key Ideas in Summary	423	(1)
Reflections	423	(1)
Learning Extensions	424	(1)
References	424	(3)
Name Index	427	(4)
Subject Index	431