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The volume is an attempt to assess the meanings of 1989, in particular the multiple transformation processes and their effects in Eastern Europe. Obviously, the realities of the post-communist transformations have not met the expectations. Were the expectations too high? Did democratic institutions prove incompatible with local cultures? Was their implementation too fast to correspond to a genuine development of democratic culture? Whatever the reasons, the road to democracy has turned out to be steeper and the communist legacy heavier than expected. The authors of this volume seek to comprehend the intricacies of various aspects of the post-communist transition; looking at a broad array of countries that have followed different paths. The studies combine methods of different disciplines. 'Insider' perspectives are juxtaposed with external assessments. This comparative and problem based approach brings into focus the ambiguities of the unfinished transformations as well as their broader cultural contexts: the politics of history and the battles for new memory, the re-signification of past and present, and the problematic transformation of homo sovieticus into an autonomous and responsive subject.

Nicolas Hayoz is associate professor of political science and the director of the Interfaculty Institute for Central and Eastern Europe at the University of Fribourg (Switzerland). Leszek Jesien coordinates the EU research at the Polish Institute of International Affairs, and lectures at the Collegium Civitas and the National School of Public Administration in Warsaw. Daniela Koleva is associate professor at the Department for History and Theory of Culture, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia.

Introduction: Paths of Ambiguous Transformation after 20 Years	p. 9
Ambiguities of Unfinished Transformations
A Sketch on Europeanization with the EU in Focus: Poland 1989û2004û2009	p. 27
The Influence of EU Conditionality and Europeanization on the Consolidation of Macedonia	p. 49
From Big Political Change to Permanent Change of Governments. The Logic of 20 Years of Political Party Competition in Central and Eastern Europe	p. 85
Beyond Democracy: The Relevance of Informal Power in Eastern Europe	p. 119
Trust, Path Dependence and Historical Legacy: The Second Decade after Transition	p. 143
The Missing æFunctional EliteÆ and the Challenge of Democratization	p. 167
The Promise of 1989 û KosovoÆs Lost Treasure	p. 177
Nationalism, Democracy and Independence Revisited: The Cases of Kosovo and Abkhazia	p. 203
External (F)actors in Democratization: Lessons From the Georgian Experience	p. 229
Societal Values in Georgia: Twenty Years Later	p. 253
Mythologies of Postsocialism: The Legends of Revolution and Transition Twenty Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall	p. 273
Confronting the Past
Baltic Lieux de mémoire of the 1990s to Early 2000s: Nostalgia, Trauma, Change	p. 295
Different Meanings of May 9th, Victory Day over Nazi Germany for Russia and the Baltic States	p. 319
(Re)writing History in the 1990s: Croatia and World War II Politics of Remembrance in Croatia û from the 1990s to the Present Day	p. 337
Post-Soviet Ukraine and Belarus Dealing with ôThe Great Patriotic Warö	p. 369
ôCossacks into State-Buildersö û Constructing Historical ôCossack-Statehoodö in Ukraine: A Case Study	p. 383
The Forgotten Legacy of Solidarno?? and Lost Opportunities to Build a Democratic Capitalist System Following the Fall of Communism in Poland	p. 395
Hope for the Past? Postsocialist Nostalgia 20 Years Later	p. 417
Traces of Yugoslavia: Yuniverse Beyond Nostalgia	p. 435
Current Czech Opinion of the pre-1989 and post-1989 Regimes: Disillusionment with Politics, Regardless of Party Political Allegiances	p. 461
Recasting Transitions after The Fall: global Governance of Trauma and the Politics of Life in Bosnia and Herzegovina	p. 495
Texts in Changing Contexts: Values and Meanings
High Heels and Blue Jeans. What Are the Visible Signs of Democracy?	p. 521
Nation, Border and Territory û Reflecting on Croatian Experiences	p. 537
From Controlled Liberalism to Real Pluralism The Development of Philosophy in Poland at the End of the Communist Era	p. 559
Between a Valley of Joy and a Valley of Nothingness The Year 1989 and Polish Literature	p. 573
How to Tell the Truth with Words: Romanian Post-Communist Literature	p. 589
Essay and Travelogue. Two Literary Genres that Have Been Rediscovered during the Debate on the Yugoslavian Collapse	p. 609
Blaming versus Healing: Facing Communist Informers of the Past, and a Literary Example in Péter EsterházyÆs Revised Edition	p. 629
Crimes Against Everyday Life, or On the Patho-Anthropology of Socialism	p. 647
The Authors	p. 669
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The volume is an attempt to assess the meanings of 1989, in particular the multiple transformation processes and their effects in Eastern Europe. Obviously, the realities of the post-communist transformations have not met the expectations. Were the expectations too high? Did democratic institutions prove incompatible with local cultures? Was their implementation too fast to correspond to a genuine development of democratic culture? Whatever the reasons, the road to democracy has turned out to be steeper and the communist legacy heavier than expected. The authors of this volume seek to comprehend the intricacies of various aspects of the post-communist transition; looking at a broad array of countries that have followed different paths. The studies combine methods of different disciplines. 'Insider' perspectives are juxtaposed with external assessments. This comparative and problem based approach brings into focus the ambiguities of the unfinished transformations as well as their broader cultural contexts: the politics of history and the battles for new memory, the re-signification of past and present, and the problematic transformation of homo sovieticus into an autonomous and responsive subject.