Aberrations of Optical Systems

by Welford; W.T

• ISBN13: 9780852745649
• ISBN10: 0852745648
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1986-01-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Aberrations of Optical Systems covers elementary optics and aberration theory of various optical systems, including the use of nonaxially symmetric systems and diffractive optical elements in complex designs, such as head-up displays and the increasing use of scanning systems with laser illumination. The book provides the complete range of mathematical tools, formulae, and derivations needed for understanding the process of optical design and for planning optical design programs. While the treatment is mainly based on geometrical optics, some excursions into physical optics are made, particularly in connection with the problems of optical tolerances.

Table of Contents

Series Editors' Preface	ix
Preface and acknowledgements	xi
Optical systems and ideal optical images
Initial assumptions	1	(1)
Ideal image formation in the symmetrical optical system	2	(2)
Properties of an ideal system	4	(6)
Geometrical optics
Rays and geometrical wavefronts	10	(2)
Snell's law of refraction	12	(3)
Fermat's principle	15	(2)
The laws of geometrical optics	17	(3)
Gaussian optics
The domain of Gaussian optics	20	(3)
Definitions; the relationship between the two focal lengths	23	(2)
The Lagrange invariant and the transverse magnification	25	(3)
Afocal systems and star spaces	28	(2)
The aperture stop and the principal ray	30	(3)
Field stops	33	(1)
Gaussian properties of a single surface	33	(2)
Gaussian properties of two systems	35	(5)
Thick lenses and combinations of thin lenses	40	(5)
Paraxial raytracing	45	(5)
Finite raytracing
Finite rays	50	(1)
Snell's law for skew rays	51	(1)
Transfer between spherical surfaces	52	(2)
Refraction through a spherical surface	54	(1)
Beginning and ending a raytrace	55	(2)
Non-spherical surfaces	57	(2)
Raytracing through quadrics of revolution	59	(2)
The general aspheric surface	61	(2)
Meridian rays by a trigonometrical method	63	(2)
Reflecting surfaces	65	(1)
Failures and special cases	65	(2)
Finite raytracing through non-symmetrical systems
Specification of toric surfaces	67	(3)
The transfer process for a toric	70	(1)
Refraction through a toric	71	(1)
Raytracing through diffraction gratings	71	(4)
Raytracing through holograms	75	(4)
Optical invariants
Introduction	79	(1)
Alternative forms of the Lagrange invariant	79	(2)
The Seidel difference formulae	81	(3)
The skew invariant	84	(2)
Some applications of the skew invariant	86	(1)
The generalized Lagrange invariant	87	(5)
Monochromatic aberrations
Introduction: definitions of aberration	92	(1)
Wavefront aberrations, transverse ray aberrations and characteristic functions	93	(5)
The effect of a shift of the centre of the reference sphere on the aberrations	98	(1)
Physical significance of the wavefront aberration	99	(2)
Other methods of computing the wavefront aberration	101	(4)
The theory of aberration types	105	(4)
The Seidel aberrations	109	(19)
Mixed and higher order aberrations	128	(2)
Calculation of the Seidel aberrations
Addition of aberration contributions	130	(1)
Derivation of the Seidel aberration formulae	131	(10)
Validity of the Seidel sum formulae	141	(2)
Ray aberration expressions for the Seidel sums	143	(5)
Computation of the Seidel sums; effect of stop shifts	148	(4)
Aspheric surfaces	152	(1)
Effect of change of conjugates on the primary aberrations	153	(5)
Aplanatic surfaces and other aberration-free cases	158	(4)
Finite aberration formulae
Introduction	162	(1)
The Aldis theorem for transverse ray aberrations	163	(2)
Expressions for total optical path aberration	165	(6)
Aplanatism and isoplanatism	171	(1)
Linear coma and offence against the since condition	172	(4)
Isoplanatism in non-symmetric systems	176	(5)
Applications of the general isoplanatism theorem of Section 9.6	181	(4)
Optics round a finite principal ray	185	(5)
Astigmatism of quadrics of revolution	190	(2)
Chromatic aberration
Introduction: historical aspects	192	(1)
Longitudinal chromatic aberration and the achromatic doublet	193	(2)
Dispersion of optical materials	195	(5)
Chromatic aberration for finite rays; the Conrady formula	200	(2)
Expressions for the primary chromatic aberrations	202	(4)
Stop-shift effects	206	(1)
Ray aberration expressions for CI and CII	206	(1)
Some examples	207	(3)
Primary aberrations of unsymmetrical systems and of holographic optical elements
Cylindrical systems	210	(1)
Primary aberrations of anamorphic systems	211	(3)
Aberrations of diffraction gratings	214	(3)
Aberrations of holographic optical elements	217	(9)
Thin lens aberrations
The thin lens variables	226	(2)
Primary aberrations of a thin lens with the pupil at the lens	228	(4)
Primary aberrations of a thin lens with remote stop	232	(2)
Aberrations of plane parallel plates	234	(2)
Some examples	236	(4)
Optical tolerances
Design aberrations and manufacturing aberrations	240	(1)
Some systems of tolerances	241	(1)
Tolerances for diffraction-limited systems	241	(5)
Resolving power and resolution limits	246	(3)
Tolerances for non-diffraction-limited systems; definition of the optical transfer function	249	(3)
Formulae for the optical transfer function	252	(5)
The OTF in the geometrical optics approximation	257	(1)
Incoherently illuminated lines and edges as test objects	258	(1)
Optical tolerances and image assessment	259	(2)
Appendix A Summary of the main formulae	261	(10)
Appendix B Symbols	271	(2)
Appendix C Examples	273	(4)
Appendix D Tracing Gaussian beams from lasers	277	(2)
Name index	279	(2)
Subject index	281