Acoustic Microscopy

by Briggs, Andrew; Kolosov, Oleg

• ISBN13: 9780199232734
• ISBN10: 0199232733
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-11-16
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Acoustic microscopy enables you to image and measure the elastic properties of materials with the resolution of a good microscope. By using frequencies in microwave regime, it is possible to make the acoustic wavelength comparable with the wavelength of light, and hence to achieve a resolution comparable with an optical microscope. Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves. At surfaces a unique combination of the two known as Raleigh waves can propagate, and in many circumstances these dominate the contrast in acoustic microscopy. Following the invention of scanning probe microscopes, it is now possible to use an atomic force microscope to detect the acoustic vibration of a surface with resolution in the nanometre range, thus beating the diffraction limit by operating in the extreme near-field. This 2nd edition of Acoustic Microscopy has a major new chapter on the technique and applications of acoustically excited probe microscopy.

Author Biography

Professor Andrew Briggs
Professor of Nanomaterials
Department of Materials
University of Oxford
Dr Oleg Kolosov
Department of Physics
University of Lancaster

Table of Contents

List of symbols	p. xvi
Son et Iumière	p. 1
Composites
Rocks	p. 5
Biological matrix	p. 8
What else?	p. 11
Focusing and scanning	p. 13
Focused acoustic beams	p. 13
Scanning in transmission	p. 17
Reflection acoustic microscopy	p. 22
Resolution	p. 26
Diffraction and noise	p. 26
The coupling fluid	p. 29
Cryogenic microscopy	p. 35
Non-linear enhancement of resolution	p. 41
Aliasing	p. 45
Does defocusing degrade the resolution?	p. 46
Lens design and selection	p. 48
Interior imaging	p. 48
Surface imaging	p. 52
Wanted and unwanted signals	p. 57
Electronic circuits for quantitative microscopy	p. 61
Time and frequency domains	p. 61
Quasi-monochromatic systems	p. 64
Very short pulse techniques	p. 70
A little elementary acoustics	p. 74
Scalar theory	p. 74
Tensor derivation of acoustic waves in solids	p. 78
Rayleigh waves	p. 83
Reflection	p. 89
Materials constants	p. 97
Contrast theory	p. 100
Wave theory of V(z)	p. 105
Ray model of V(z)	p. 111
Tweedledum or Tweedledee?	p. 120
Experimental elastic microanalysis	p. 123
Measurement of the reflectance function	p. 123
Raymethods	p. 131
Time-resolved techniques	p. 150
Phew!	p. 159
Biological tissue	p. 160
A soft option	p. 160
Cell cultures	p. 160
Histological sections	p. 174
Stiff tissue	p. 181
Bone	p. 194
Layered structures	p. 198
Subsurface imaging	p. 198
Waves in layers	p. 207
Near surface imaging	p. 218
Layers edge on	p. 220
Anisotropy	p. 227
Bulk anisotropy	p. 227
Waves in anisotropic surfaces	p. 235
Anisotropic reflectance functions	p. 238
Cylindrical lens anisotropic V(z)	p. 242
Spherical lens anisotropic V(z)	p. 246
Plastic deformation	p. 252
Grain boundaries	p. 254
Surface cracks and boundaries	p. 255
Initial observations	p. 255
Contrast theory of surface cracks	p. 257
Extension to three dimensions	p. 266
How fine a crack can you see?	p. 273
Contrast at boundaries	p. 280
Time-resolved measurements and crack tip diffraction	p. 285
Acoustically excited probe microscopy	p. 290
Mechanical diode detection	p. 292
Experimental UFM implementation	p. 294
UFM contrast theory	p. 297
Quantitative measurements of contact stiffness	p. 301
UFM picture gallery	p. 302
Image interpretation - effects of adhesion and topography	p. 308
Superlubricity	p. 311
Defects below the surface	p. 313
Time-resolved nanoscale phenomena	p. 315
So what happens when you defocus?	p. 322
References	p. 325
Index	p. 347
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