Acoustical Imaging Techniques and Applications for Engineers

by Gan, Woon Siong

• ISBN13: 9780470661604
• ISBN10: 0470661607
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-07-23
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Acoustical Imaging starts with an introduction to the basic theories and principles of acoustics and acoustical imaging, then progresses to discuss its varied applications: nondestructive testing, medical imaging, underwater imaging and SONAR and geophysical exploration. The author draws together the different technologies, highlighting the similarities between topic areas and their common underlying theory. Some advanced topics are also described such as nonlinear acoustical imaging and its application in nondestructive testing, application of chaos theory to acoustical imaging, statistical treatment of acoustical imaging and negative refraction.

Author Biography

Woon Siong Gan is the Director of Acoustical Technologies Singapore Pte Ltd. He obtained his PhD in acoustics from Imperial College, London in 1969, and since then has been conducting research into and published several papers on acoustical imaging. In 1989 he founded Acoustical Technologies Singapore Pte Ltd, an R&D company involved in the development of ultrasound technologies especially in high frequencies acoustical imaging, and has several patents granted in scanning acoustical microscope (SAM) and surface acoustic wave(SAW) devices.

Table of Contents

Introduction

References

Physics of Acoustics and Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Sound Propagation in Solids

Derivation of Linear Wave Equation of Motion and Its Solutions

Symmetries in Linear Acosu ustic Wave Equations and the New Stress Field Equation

Use of Gauge Potential Theory to Solve Acoustic Wave Equations

Propagation of Finite Wave Amplitude Sound Wave in Solids

Higher-Order Elasticity Theory

Nonlinear Effects

Derivation of the Nonlinear Acoustic Equation of Motion

Solutions of the Higher Order Acosutics Equations of Motion

Nonlinear Effects due to Energy Absorption

Energy Absorption due to Thermal Conductivity

Energy Absorption due to Dislocation

Gauge Theory Formulation of Sound Propagation in Solids

Introduction of a Covariant Derivative in the Infinitesimal Amplitude Sound Wave

Introduction of Covariant Derivative to the Large Amplitude Sound Wave Equation

References

Signal Processing

Matrix Theory

Some Properties of Matrices

Fourier Transformation

The Z Transform

Image Enhancement

Spatial Low-Pass, High-Pass and Band-Pass Filtering

Magnification and Interpolation (Zooming)

Replication

Linear Interpolation

Transform Operation

Image Sampling & Quantization

Stochastic Modelling of Images

Beamforming

Principles of Beamforming

Sonar Beamforming Requirements

Finite Element Method

Introduction

Applications 3

Boundary Element Method

Comparison to Other Methods

References

Common Methodologies of Acoustical Imaging

Introductin

Tomography

The Born Approximation

The Rytov Approximation

The Fourier Diffraction Theorem

Reconstruction and Backpropagation Algorithm

Holography

Liquid Surface Method

C-Scan Method

B-Scan Method

Acosutic Microscopy

References

Time Reversal Acoustics

Introducton

Theory fo the Time Reversal (TR)Acoustics

Time Reversal Acoustics and Superresolution

Application of TR Acoustics to Medical Ultrasound Imaging

Application of TR Acoustics to Ultrasound Nondestructive Testing

Theory of TR Acoustics for Liquid-Solid Interface

Experimental Implementation of the TRM for Nondestructive Testing Works

Incoherent Summation

Time Record of Signals coming from a Speckle Noise Zone

The Iterative Technique

Iterative Process for a Zone containing a Hard-Alpha

Iterative Process as a Pure Speckle Noise Zone

Application of TR Acoustics to Landmine or Buried Object Detection

Introduction

Theory

Experimental Procedure

Experimental Setup

Wiener Filter

Experimental Results

Application of TR Acoustics to Underwater Acosutics

References

Nonlinear Acoustical Imaging

Application of Chaos Theory to Acosutical Imaging

Nonlinear Problem encountered in Diffraction Tomography

Definition and History of Chaos

Definition of Fractal

The Link between Chaos and Fractals

The Fractal Nature of Breast Cancer

Types of Fractals A.Non-Random Fractals B.Random Fractals C.Other Definitions

Fractal Approximation (FA)

Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA)

Growth Site Probability Distribution (GSPD)

Approximating the Scattered Field using GSPD

Discrete Helmholtz Wave Equation

Kaczmarz Algorithm

Hounsfield’s Method

Applying GSPD into Kaczmarz Algorithm

Fractal Algorithm using Frequency Domain Interpolation

Derivation of Fractal Algorithm 's Final Equation using Frequency Domain Interpolation

Simulation Results

Comparison between Born and Fractal Approximations

Non-Classical Nonlinear Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Mechanisms of Harmonic Generation via CAN A. Clapping Mechanism B. Nonlinear Friction Mechanism

Nonlinear Resonance Modes

Experimental Studies on Non-Classical CAN Spectra

CAN Application for Nonlinear Acoustical Imaging and NDE

Conclusions

Modulation Method of Nonlinear Acosutical Imaging

Introduction

Principles of Modulation Acoustic Method

The Modulation Mode Method of Crack Location

Experimental Procedure of the Modulation Method for NDT

Experimental Procedures for the Modulation Mode Method

Conclusion

Harmonic Imaging

References

High Frequencies Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Transducers

Electronic Circuitry

Software

Applications of High Frequencies In Vivo Ultrasound Imaging System

System of 150 MHz Ultrasound Imaging of the Skin and the Eye

Signal Processing for the 150 MHz System

Electronic Circuitry of Acoustical Microscopy

Gated Signal and its Use in Acoustical Microscope

Quasi-Monochromatic Systems

Very Short Pulse Techniques

References

Statistical Treatment of Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Scattering by Inhomogeneities

Study of the Statistical Properties of the QWavefields

Fresnel Approximation or Nearfield Approximation

Farfield Imaging Condition (Fraunhofer approximation)

Correlation of Fluctuations A. Correlation of the Amplitude and Phase Fluctuation at the Receiver

Quasi-Static Condition

The Time Autocorrelation of the Amplitude Fluctuations

Experimental Verifications

Application of Fluctuation Theory to the Diffraction Image of a Focusing System

Conclusion

Continuous Medium Approach of Statistical Treatment

Introduction

Parabolic Equation Theory

Assumption for the Refractive Index Fluctuation

Equation for the Averaged Field and General Solution

References

Nondestructive Testing

Defects Characterization

Automatic Ultrasonic Testing (AUT)

Introduction

Testing Procedure

Example of a AUT System

Signal Processing and Automatic Defects and Features Classification in AUT

Signal Analysis and Enhancement

Enhancement by Cross Correlation

Enhancement by Zero-Phase Shift Filter

Enhancement by Averaging

Automatic Peak Detection Algorithm

Guided Waves used in Acoustical Imaging for NDT

Ultrasonic Techniques for Stress Measurement and Materials Studies

Introduction

Internal Stress Measurements A. The Use of V(z) curve technique for Stress Measurement

V(z) curve Technique in the Characterization of Kissing Bond

Dry Transducer or Non-contact Transducer

Pitch/Catch Swept Method

Pitch/Catch Impulse Method

MIA Test Method

Phased Array Transducers

Introduction

Meaning of Phased Array

Principle of Ohased Array Ultrasonic Technology

Focal Laws

Basic Scanning and Imaging

Advantages of Phased Array Testing as compared with Conventional UT

References

Medical Ultrasound Imaging

Introduction

Physical Principles of Sound Propagation

Propagation of Sound Waves in Solids

Contrast

Imaging Modes

BScan A. Resolution

CScan

BScan Instrumentation

Manual Systems

Real Time Systems

Mechanical Scan

Electronic Scan

Linear Array

The Phased Array

CScan Instrumentation

Sokolov Tube

Ultrasonic Holography

Tissue Harmonic Imaging

Introduction

Principles of Tissue Harmonic Imaging

Physical Principles

Nonlinearity between Fundamental Amplitude and Harmonic Productions

Depth Dependence

Instrumentation Principles

Image Formation in Tissue Harmonics

Filtration

Single Line Pulse Inversion (PI)

Side-by-Side Phase Cancellation

Pulse Encoding

Tissue Harmonic Image Characteristics

Decreased Image Dynamic Range

Better Lateral Resolution. Reduced Slice Thickness

Artifacts

Worse Images in “Glass Bodies” Patients

Clinical Effects of Tissue Harmonic Imaging

Some Examples of Commercial Systems

Elasticity Imaging

Introduction

Comparison of Manual Palpation and Elasticity Imaging

Manual Palpation

Ultrasonic Elasticity Imaging

Choice of Force Stimulus and Imaging Modality

Physics of Elasticity Imaging

Imaging Formation Algorithm

Some Examples of Commercial Systems

ACUSON S2000 TM Ultrasound System

ACUSON Antares TM Ultrasound System

Colour Doppler Imaging

Doppler Ultrasound

Pulsed(gated) and spectral Doppler

Quantitative Doppler Techniques

Velocity Measurements

Spectral Doppler Waveforms Measurements

Volume Blood Flow Measurements

Colour Doppler

Newer Techniques A. Power Doppler Imaging

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound

Introduction

Bubble Echocardiogram

Microbubble Contrast Agents A. General Features B. Targeted Microbubbles

How it works

Applications b. Blood Volume and Perfusion a. Inflammation

3D Ultrasound Medical Imaging

Introduction

Elective 3D Ultrasound

Benefits of Elective 3D Ultrasound

Risks of 3D Ultrasound

Duration

Intensity

Frequency

Physical Effects

Medical Effects

Risk Reduction of 3D Ultrasound

Future Develppment

Regional Anesthesia

Development Trends

References

Underwater Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Principles of Underwater Acoustical Imaging System

Attenuation Loss

Propagation Theory

Reflection and Scattering from the Sea Surface

Reflection and Scattering from the Sea Bottom

Sea Bottom-Reflection Loss

Sound Channel

Comparison on Ray and Mode Theory

Principles of Some Underwater Acoustical Imaging Systems

Characteristics of Underwater Acosutical Imaging Systems

Imaging Modalities

Sonar Acoustical Imaging

Orthoscopic Acoustical Imaging

A Few Representative Underwater Acosutical Imaging Systems

Focused Acosutical Imaging System

Electronic Beam-Focused Underwater Acoustical Imaging System (1) Delay and Sum Beamformer (2) Phased Array Beamformer (3) Correlation Beamformer

Holographic Acoustical Imaging

References

Geophysical Exploration

Introduction

Application of Acoustical Holography to Seismic Imaging

Examples of Field Experiments

One -Dimensional Holographic Arrays

Two- Dimensional Holographic Arrays

Reciprocity Method

Crossed Linear Array

First-Arrival Holography

Laboratory Modelling

Techniques of Image Processing & Enhancement

Weak Signal Enhancement

Phase Constant Enhancement Technique

Computer Reconstruction

Removal of Conjugate Images

Fourier Transform Hologram

Examples of Computer Reconstruction

Backward Wave Propagation or Frequency Domain Migration

Correlation Holography

Other Applications of Seismic Holography

Monitoring Burning Fronts in Oil-Shale Retorts

Signal Processing in Seismic Holography

Velocity Filtering

Two-dimensional Fourier Transform Techniques

Tau-p Transform(SLANT STACK)

The Inverse Tau-p Transform

Examples of k-? and Tau-p Transforms

Applications of Diffraction Tomography to Seismic Imaging

Reconstruction Algorithms

Computer Simulations flr the Offset VSP Case

Conclusions

References

Quantum Acoustical Imaging

Introduction

Optical Piezoelectric Trasnducers(OPT) for Generation of Nano-Acoustic Waves

Optical Detection of Nano-Acoustic Waves

Nanoimaging /Quantum Acoustical Imaging

Generation and Amplification of Terahertz Acoustic Waves

Theory of Electron Inversion and Phonon Amplification produced in the Active SL by Optical Pumping

Source for Quantum Acoustical Imaging

Phonons Entanglement for Quantum Acoustical Imaging

Applications of Quantum Acoustical Imaging

References

Negative Refraction, Acoustical Metamaterials, Acoustical Cloaking

Introduction

Limitations of Veselago’s Theory

Introduction

Gauge Invariance of Homogeneous Electromagnetic Wave Equation

Gauge Invariance of Acoustic Field Equation

Acoustical Cloaking

Gauge Invariance of Nonlinear Homogeneous Acoustic Wave Equation

My Important Discovery of Negative Refraction is a Special Case of Coordinate Transformations

Conclusions

Multiple Scattering Approach to Perfect Acoustic Lens

Acoustical Cloaking

Introduction

Derivation of Transformation Acoustics

Application to Specific Example

Acoustic Metamaterial with Simultaneous negative Mass Density and Negative Bulk Modulus

Acoustical Cloaking based on Nonlinear Coordinate Transformations

References

New Acoustics based on Metamaterials

Introduction

New Acoustical and Acoustical Imaging

Background of Phononic Crystals

Theory of Phononic Crystals- The Multiple Scattering Theory (MST)

Negative Refraction derived from Gauge Invariance(Coordinate Transformations)

Reflection and Transmission of Sound Wave at the Interface of Two Media with Different Parities

Theory of Diffraction by Negative Inclusion

Formulation of Forward Problem of Diffraction Tomography

Moedling Diffraction Procedure in a Negative Medium

Results of Numericla Simulation

Points to take care of during Numerical Simulation

Scattering

New Elasticity

Conclusions

Comparison of the Significance of the Role Played by Gauge Theory and Multiple Scattering Theory

References

Future Directions and Future technologies

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