The Acoustics of Speech Communication Fundamentals, Speech Perception Theory, and Technology

by Pickett, J. M.

• ISBN13: 9780205198870
• ISBN10: 0205198872
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-12-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This is the only book to relate all three of the currently interactive areas of speech science-acoustic phonetics, speech perception, and speech technology. The book presents a gradual course, starting with a clear tutorial approach to basic speech then leading to speech perception research, the various theories of speech perception, and the modern speech technologies of computer synthesis and recognition of speech messages. The aim is to bring the reader through basic acoustics, spectrum analysis, vowel and consonant acoustics, and into the research literature of speech perception technology. The basic acoustic theory of speech production, the Source-Filter Theory, is clarified via text and diagrams. This knowledge is then applied to interpreting spectrograms of speech examples that sample all the phonetic distinctions among vowels and consonants. Distinctive acoustical patterns for vowel and consonant perception by listeners are summarized in detail based on the research literature. Critical discussions provide theories of motor, auditory, and computer recognition of speech. Consonant and vowel recognition by the hearing-impaired is described in relation to acoustic phonetic distinctions. Techniques of speech synthesis, recognition analysis by machines, and speech technologies are thoroughly explained. Anyone interested in speech acoustics, acoustic phonetics, speech and hearing science, psychoacoustics, and speech perception at any level.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
PART ONE ACOUSTIC PHONETICS: SPEECH ENCODING FROM ARTICULATION TO SOUND STREAM	1	(150)
Language, Phonetics, and Speech Production	3	(12)
Introduction: Language and Science	3	(2)
How Significant Is Acoustic Phonetics?	5	(1)
Linguistics, Phonetics, and Phonology	5	(3)
General Conditions of Speech Production	8	(5)
Phonology Note: Consonants versus Vowels	12	(1)
Speech Sound Sources	13	(1)
Phonology Note: Transients in Languages	13	(1)
Summary	13	(2)
Sounds, Resonance, and Spectrum Analysis	15	(20)
Sound Production and Propagation	15	(2)
Simple Harmonic Motion	17	(1)
Definitions of Sine Wave Characteristics	18	(2)
Resonance	20	(2)
Definition of Resonant Frequency	22	(2)
Spectrum Analysis	24	(1)
Definitions of Spectrum Terms	25	(1)
Spectra of Recurring Resonant Oscillations	26	(2)
Definitions of Harmonics	28	(1)
Resonant Waves, Spectrum Plots, and Speech Waves	29	(4)
Aperiodic Speech Sounds	33	(1)
Summary	33	(2)
Vowel Shaping and Vowel Formants	35	(12)
Model of the Pharyngeal-Oral Tract	35	(1)
Spectrum of the Neutral Vowel ∂	36	(1)
Definition of Speech Formants	37	(1)
Vowel Formant Locations and Length of Pharyngeal-Oral Tract	38	(2)
Vocal Tract Constrictions and Formant Frequency Locations	40	(4)
Formants of Model Vowels	44	(1)
Central Vowels	45	(1)
Phonology Note: Varieties of Central Vowels	45	(1)
Summary	45	(2)
The Glottal Sound Source and the Spectra of Vowels	47	(28)
The Glottal Sound Source	47	(1)
The Phonation Mechanism	48	(4)
The Spectrum of the Glottal Sound Source	52	(5)
Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production	57	(5)
Visualizing Speech Sounds	62	(2)
Anatomy of a Spectrogram	64	(4)
Spectrograms of Vowels	68	(2)
Nasalization of Vowels	70	(1)
Phonemic Nasal Vowels	71	(2)
Summary	73	(2)
Prosodic and Tonal Features	75	(24)
Introduction: Telling What and How	75	(1)
Parenting Speech	76	(1)
Prosodic Features of Language Forms	76	(2)
Glottal Source Factors in Stress and Intonation	78	(8)
Durational Prosodic Features	86	(3)
Oral Tract Shaping Factor	89	(3)
Intonation in Discourse	92	(4)
Pacing, Rhythm, and Languages	96	(1)
Tone Languages	96	(1)
Summary	97	(2)
Consonant Features, Glides, and Stops	99	(14)
Articulatory Features of Consonants	99	(2)
Distinctive Features	101	(1)
Glide Consonants and Diphthongs	102	(3)
Glide and Voiced Stop	105	(2)
Glide and Stop at Middle Place	107	(1)
Lateral and Retroflex Glides	108	(2)
Effects of Utterance Position	110	(1)
Summary	110	(3)
Consonants: Nasal, Stop, and Fricative Manners of Articulation	113	(9)
Nasal Consonants	113	(1)
Nasal-Glide-Stop Differences	113	(5)
Phonology Note: Voiceless Nasals	113	(5)
Fricative Consonants	118	(3)
Summary	121	(1)
Consonants: The Voiced-Unvoiced Contrast	122	(10)
Production of the Voiced-Voiceless Distinction	122	(2)
Phonology Note: Laryngeal varieties of Consonants	122	(2)
Acoustics of Consonant Voicing	124	(3)
Voiced versus Unvoiced Final Consonants	127	(1)
Voiced and Unvoiced Fricatives	128	(1)
Physiological Studies of Consonant Voicing	128	(2)
Physiological Studies of Fricative Voicing	130	(1)
Summary	131	(1)
Consonants: Features of Place of Articulation	132	(10)
Phonology Note: Places of Articulation	132	(1)
Formant Transitions of Alveolar versus Labial Consonants	132	(2)
Consonant Place: Transition with Different Vowels	134	(4)
Place Features of Nasal Consonants	138	(1)
Place Features of Fricative Consonants	138	(3)
Summary	141	(1)
The Flow of Speech	142	(9)
Coarticulation	143	(3)
Model of Speech Motor Programming	146	(1)
The Syllable as Coarticulation Unit	146	(1)
Effects of Rate of Utterance	147	(1)
Assimilation between Adjacent Consonants	147	(3)
Phonology Note: Motor Coordination	149	(1)
Summary	150	(1)
PART TWO SPEECH DECODING BY HUMAN AND MACHINE: FROM SOUND STREAM TO WORDS	151	(222)
Perception of Vowels: Dynamic Constancy	153	(13)
Winifred Strange
Perception of Steady-State Vowels	154	(3)
Speaker Normalization in Vowel Perception	157	(3)
Perception of Coarticulated Vowels	160	(5)
Summary	165	(1)
Perception of Consonants: From Variance to Invariance	166	(17)
Winifred Strange
Perceptual Boundaries of Consonant Categories	166	(2)
Categorical Perception of Speech Continua	168	(6)
Perception of Nonspeech Analogs	174	(3)
Perceptual Integration of Acoustic Cues	177	(2)
Context and Rate Effects on Phonetic Category Boundaries	179	(2)
Summary	181	(2)
Auditory Capacities and Phonological Development: Animal, Baby, and Foreign Listeners	183	(15)
Sarah Hawkins
Background: Does Phonological Perception Use Special Auditory Processes?	183	(1)
Techniques for Studying Babies' Speech Perception	184	(3)
Categorical Perception by Babies	187	(1)
Speech Sound Classification by Babies: Prototypes and the ``Perceptual Magnet Effect''	188	(3)
Speech Sound Classification by Babies: Perceptual Constancy	191	(1)
Speech Sound Discrimination by Animals	192	(2)
The Effect of Experience on Speech Sound Discrimination	194	(2)
Development Loss or Selective Attention? The Effect of Retraining	196	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Looking for Invariate Correlates of Linguistic Units: Two Classical Theories of Speech Perception	198	(34)
Sarah Hawkins
Defining the Task of Speech Perception	198	(1)
Overview of Acoustic-Phonetic Theories of Speech Perception	199	(1)
Introduction to Two Classical Theories of Speech Perception	200	(1)
The Motor Theory of Speech Perception	200	(14)
Acoustical Invariants: The Quantal Theory of Speech, Relational Acoustic Invariance, and Lexical Access from Features (LAFF)	214	(18)
Reevaluating Assumptions about Speech Perception: Interactive and Integrative Theories	232	(57)
Sarah Hawkins
What Have We Learned from the Classical Theories?	232	(1)
Invariance in the Percept but Not the Object: The Theory of Direct Realism	233	(7)
A General Auditory Model without Acoustic Variance: Auditory Enhancement Theory	240	(1)
Auditory Enhancement Theory	240	(8)
Categories of Sound?	248	(12)
Toward a More Comprehensive Theory of Speech Perception	260	(22)
Summary	282	(7)
Hearing Loss and the Audibility of Phoneme Cues	289	(35)
Sally G. Revoile
Consonant Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Profoundly Hard of Hearing Person	290	(10)
Phoneme Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Severely Hard of Hearing Person	300	(8)
Phoneme Acoustic-Cue Use by a Hypothetical Moderately Hard of Hearing Person	308	(16)
Speech Technology	324	(49)
Speech Machines	324	(1)
J.M. Pickett
Juergen Schroeter
Speech Synthesis	325	(10)
Corine Bickley
Ann Syrdal
Juergen Schroeter
Speech Recognition by Machine	335	(8)
Diane Kewley-Port
APPENDIXES
A EXPERIMENTING WITH SPEECH	343	(9)
B SKETCHES OF SOME INTERESTING BOOKS FOR PHONETICIANS	352	(21)
References	373	(22)
Index	395