Active Vision The Psychology of Looking and Seeing

by Findlay, John M.; Gilchrist, Iain D.

• ISBN13: 9780198524793
• ISBN10: 019852479X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-10-09
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

More than one third of the human brain is devoted to the processes of seeing--vision is after all the main way in which we gather information about the world. This book is unique in focusing on vision as an "active" process. It goes beyond most accounts of vision where the focus is on seeing, to provide an integrated account of seeing and looking. Written by two leading vision scientists, this book will be valuable for vision researchers and psychology students.

Author Biography

John M. Findlay, Centre for Vision and Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Durham Iain D. Gilchrist, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Chapter 1 Passive vision and active vision	1	(8)
1.1 Introduction	1	(1)
1.2 Passive vision	1	(2)
1.3 Visual attention	3	(1)
1.4 Active vision	4	(2)
1.5 Active vision and vision for action	6	(1)
1.6 Outline of the book	7	(2)
Chapter 2 Background to active vision	9	(26)
2.1 Introduction	9	(1)
2.2 The inhomogeneity of the visual projections	10	(7)
2.2.1 Introduction	10	(1)
2.2.2 Physiology of the visual projections	11	(3)
2.2.3 Psychophysical performance in peripheral vision	14	(2)
2.2.4 Comparison of psychophysical and physiological measures	16	(1)
2.3 Parallel visual pathways	17	(4)
2.3.1 Magnocellular and parvocellular systems	17	(2)
2.3.2 Visual processing in the cortex	19	(2)
2.4 The oculomotor system	21	(4)
2.4.1 The muscles of the eye	21	(1)
2.4.2 Classification of eye movements	22	(3)
2.5 Saccadic eye movements	25	(9)
2.5.1 Characteristic of saccades	25	(4)
2.5.2 Combining saccadic movements with pursuit and vergence	29	(2)
2.5.3 Saccadic suppression	31	(1)
2.5.4 Physiological pathways for saccadic eye movements	32	(2)
2.6 Summary	34	(1)
Chapter 3 Visual selection, covert attention and eye movements	35	(20)
3.1 Covert and overt attention	35	(1)
3.2 Covert spatial attention	36	(6)
3.2.1 Spotlights	38	(1)
3.2.2 Zoom lens accounts of attention	39	(1)
3.2.3 Late vs. early selection models of attention	40	(1)
3.2.4 The visual benefits of covert spatial attention	41	(1)
3.3 The relationship between covert and overt attention	42	(4)
3.3.1 Klein's independence account	42	(1)
3.3.2 The sequential attentional model	43	(1)
3.3.3 The pre-motor theory of attention	44	(2)
3.4 Speed of attention	46	(2)
3.5 Neurophysiology of attention	48	(2)
3.6 Non-spatial attention	50	(2)
3.6.1 Attention to objects	50	(2)
3.6.2 Attention to visual properties	52	(1)
3.7 Active vision and attention	52	(2)
3.8 Summary	54	(1)
Chapter 4 Visual orienting	55	(28)
4.1 Introduction	55	(1)
4.2 What determines the latency of orienting saccades?	56	(6)
4.2.1 Target properties	56	(1)
4.2.2 The gap effect	57	(2)
4.2.3 The remote distractor effect	59	(1)
4.2.4 Express saccades	60	(1)
4.2.5 Variability in latencies	61	(1)
4.3 Physiology of saccade initiation	62	(6)
4.3.1 Burst and pause cells in the reticular formation	62	(3)
4.3.2 Fixation, burst and buildup neurons in the superior colliculus	65	(3)
4.3.3 Variability of saccade latencies	68	(1)
4.3 What determines the landing position of orienting saccades?	68	(7)
4.4.1 Corrective saccades	69	(1)
4.4.2 The double step paradigm	69	(3)
4.4.3 The double target paradigm	72	(1)
4.4.4 Parallel processing of saccades	73	(1)
4.4.5 Antisaccades	74	(1)
4.5 Physiology of the WHERE system	75	(2)
4.5.1 Spatial coding and the saccadic system	77	(1)
4.6 The Findlay and Walker model	77	(2)
4.7 Development and plasticity	79	(4)
Chapter 5 Visual sampling during text reading	83	(22)
5.1 Introduction	83	(1)
5.2 Basic patterns of visual sampling during reading	84	(3)
5.3 Perception during fixations in reading	87	(4)
5.3.1 Gaze-contingent methodologies	87	(2)
5.3.2 Measurement of the perceptual span	89	(1)
5.3.3 Preview benefit	90	(1)
5.4 Language processing	91	(3)
5.4.1 Lexical access: influences on the speed of word recognition	91	(2)
5.4.2 Optimal viewing position	93	(1)
5.5 Control of fixation duration	94	(1)
5.6 Control of landing position	95	(4)
5.6.1 Skipping words	97	(1)
5.6.2 Can linguistic variables influence landing position within words?	98	(1)
5.7 Theories of eye control during reading	99	(3)
5.7.1 Models emphasizing non-cognitive factors	99	(1)
5.7.2 Models driven by the lexical access process	100	(1)
5.7.3 Evaluation	101	(1)
5.8 Practical aspects of eye control in reading	102	(1)
5.8.1 Reading and the physical characteristics of the text	102	(1)
5.8.2 Dyslexia	102	(1)
5.9 Overview	103	(2)
Chapter 6 Visual search	105	(24)
6.1 Visual search tasks	105	(1)
6.2 Theories of visual search	106	(3)
6.2.1 Feature integration theory	106	(2)
6.2.2 Guided search	108	(1)
6.2.3 A late-selection model of visual search	108	(1)
6.2.4 Overview of the models	109	(1)
6.3 The need for eye movements in visual search	109	(3)
6.3.1 Search without eye movements	110	(1)
6.3.2 Visual search and the conspicuity area or visual lobe	111	(1)
6.4 Eye movements in visual search	112	(7)
6.4.1 Saccades in parallel and serial visual search	112	(1)
6.4.2 Processing within an eye fixation during visual search	113	(2)
6.4.3 Guidance of saccades in visual search	115	(1)
6.4.4 Saccades in visual search: latencies and fixation durations	116	(1)
6.4.5 Saccades in visual search: landing positions	117	(2)
6.5 Ocular capture in visual search	119	(1)
6.6 Saccades in visual search: scanpaths	120	(4)
6.7 Physiology of visual search	124	(2)
6.8 Summary	126	(3)
Chapter 7 Natural scenes and activities	129	(22)
7.1 Introduction	129	(6)
7.1.1 Early studies of picture scanning	130	(2)
7.1.2 Average characteristics of eye movement patterns during picture viewing	132	(1)
7.1.3 Scanpaths	133	(1)
7.1.4 The gaze selects informative details	134	(1)
7.2 Analytic studies of scene and object perception	135	(10)
7.2.1 Scenes and objects	135	(1)
7.2.2 Theories of object perception and scene perception	135	(2)
7.2.3 Are eye movements necessary for scene and object perception?	137	(2)
7.2.4 Object perception in peripheral vision	139	(1)
7.2.5 Scene context and object perception	140	(3)
7.2.6 Change blindness	143	(2)
7.3 Dynamic scenes and situations	145	(4)
7.3.1 Deictic vision	145	(2)
7.3.2 Vision supporting everyday actions	147	(2)
7.4 Summary	149	(2)
Chapter 8 Human neuropsychology	151	(18)
8.1 Blindsigtet	152	(3)
8.2 Neglect	155	(4)
8.3 Balint's syndrome and dorsal simultanagnosia	159	(1)
8.4 Frontal lobe damage	160	(2)
8.5 Orienting without eye movements	162	(5)
8.5.1 Peripheral neuropsychology	163	(1)
8.5.2 Reading without eye movements	164	(1)
8.5.3 Saccadic head movements	165	(2)
8.6 Summary	167	(2)
Chapter 9 Space constancy and trans-saccadic integration	169	(12)
9.1 The traditional approach: 'compensatory taking into account'	169	(2)
9.2 Trans-saccadic integrations	171	(4)
9.2.1 Detection of displacement during saccades	171	(1)
9.2.2 Trans-saccadic fusion	172	(1)
9.2.3 Localisation of peri-saccadic probes	172	(2)
9.2.4 Memory guidance of saccades	174	(1)
9.3 Resolution of the conflicting results	175	(3)
9.3.1 Target displacements during saccades can be detected under some circumstances	175	(1)
9.3.2 A revised theory of space constancy and trans-saccadic integration	176	(2)
9.3.3 The neurophysiology of trans-saccadic processes	178	(1)
9.4 Conclusion: The Active Vision Cycle	178	(2)
9.5 Future directions	180	(1)
References	181	(34)
Index	215