Ada 95 Problem Solving and Program Design

by Feldman, Michael B.; Koffman, Elliot B.

ISBN13: 9780201361230
ISBN10: 020136123X
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 1999-03-16
Publisher: Addison-Wesley

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Summary

While the book is generally oriented to the first-term student of programming, there is more material here than is usually covered in a first course. Chapters 11 through 17 focus on abstract data types, generics, recursion, dynamic data structures, inheritance-oriented programming, and concurrency. They can be used selectively in a fairly advanced first course or as part of a second-level course. The book covers the Ada 95 language thoroughly enough to serve as a useful introduction for professionals.

The Ada 95 language standard was adopted early in 1995 by the International Standards Organization and the American National Standards Institute. Ada is a foundation language in a growing number of institutions (about 150 at this writing). Ada is also a language of choice in many important industry sectors, especially commercial aviation and air traffic control, high-speed and metropolitan rail transportation, scientific and communications satellites, and manufacturing control. The consensus among teachers of Ada is that its pedagogical virtues are very similar to its industrial ones.

Problem Solving and Program Design

The primary focus of this book is problem solving with Ada 95, not a study of the Ada 95 programming language per se. We achieve this focus by selecting features of the language that lend themselves to good program design. We also emphasize abstraction and use the time-tested six-step approach to software development: problem specification, analysis, design, test planning, implementation, and testing. Each of the 35 case studies throughout the book follows this software development method.

New in the Third Edition

This edition includes a number of new end-of-chapter projects. Also, a new Chapter 2 uses an Ada 95 "spider" package--similar to the turtle graphics of Logo--to introduce the basics of algorithms and the fundamental sequential, loop, and test control structures, all in a platform-independent animated framework. Chapter 2 is independent of the others and thus provides flexibility to an instructor who sees real benefit in introducing all the major control structures together as early as possible. Instructors who were satisfied with the presentation order in the first two editions can simply skip from Chapter 1 to Chapter 3 without loss of continuity.

This edition also contains alphabetical indexes of syntax displays, case studies, and program style guides and a new Appendix A, High-Resolution Color Graphics. This appendix provides a platform-independent package for simple two-dimensional graphics and examples including a high-resolution color spider package.

Finally, this edition incorporates a CD-ROM, which is described in Appendix G. This CD-ROM contains:

the complete set of about 200 book programs, all in standard, platform-independent Ada 95
the Appendix A software for various platforms
platform-specific versions of the GNU Ada 95 Compiler (GNAT) and interactive development environments (IDEs) for Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT, MS-DOS/PC-DOS, and Linux
various browsable editions of the Ada 95 Reference Manual and Rationale and additional reference documents such as printable reference cards and graphical syntax diagrams
a copy of Tenon's MachTen Code Builder system, a virtual UNIX environment for the Macintosh

General Organization of the Book

The order of presentation is designed to do justice both to modern programming concepts and to the power of Ada. Each chapter beyond Chapters 1 and 2 presents a balanced mixture of a number of important language and computing issues. These are organized in a number of categories; most chapter section headings give the main category of the section as well as the specific topic, to orient teacher and student alike to the flow of material in a given category from chapter to chapter. The categories are:

Problem Solving: Here is where language-independent concepts of program design, algorithm development, and so forth, are introduced.
Control Structures: Each of these sections introduces the program-level control structures of Ada: decisions, loops, assignments, and so on.
Data Structures: In each of these sections appears a discussion of data types and their uses, in the usual order of scalar types followed by structured or composite (record and array) types.
System Structures: Each of these sections introduces a concept that is useful in what is often called "programming in the large." These concepts help the student, right from the start, to realize that real-world programs really consist of many smaller pieces built up in systematic fashion. Included under System Structures are such things as functions and procedures, packages, and exception handling and propagation.
Tricks of the Trade: These are the universal techniques that all programmers must learn in order to survive productively: debugging techniques, program tracing, documentation techniques, and the like.

Pedagogical Features

In this book we employ several proven pedagogical features:

Complete, compilable programs: From the beginning, students see full, compilable, executable programs. These are captioned "Program x.y" to identify them clearly as compilable programs and not fragments, which are embedded in the text or numbered as figures. Each listing of a main program is immediately followed by a sample execution, to give the student an idea of the expected results.

A particular advantage of Ada as a teaching language is that the strong standard ensures that program behavior will be nearly independent of the particular compiler or computer being used. The programs in this book have been fully tested and can be compiled and executed using any validated Ada 95 compiler.
Case Studies: A case study is a program that is developed from specifications, step by step, from a statement of the problem to a complete working program. The software development method is taught, reinforced, and applied. We focus much attention on program testing and the development of test plans.

Of the 35 case studies, some--especially in the early chapters--are presented in their entirety, while others are intentionally left incomplete so that their completion can be assigned as class projects.
Syntax displays: A syntax display is a brief description, with words and examples, of the syntax and interpretation of a newly introduced structure. These are set apart typographically for ease of use, and they codify the language structures as they are first presented.
Programming style displays: These are brief discussions, again set apart typographically, offering advice to the student about how to write good programs. Many of these are of course universal and language-independent; many are also Ada-specific.
End of section exercises: Following most sections there are two kinds of exercises, self-check and programming.
End of chapter exercises: Each chapter review contains a set of quick-check exercises with answers, review questions, and programming projects.
Error discussions and chapter review: Each chapter ends with a section that discusses common programming errors and a review section that includes a table of Ada const

Author Biography

Dr. Michael Feldman is a professor of computer science at The George Washington University, as well as Chair of the Education Working Group of the ACM Special Interest Group on Ada (SIGAda). He has over fifteen years' experience teaching Ada in introductory courses, and is the author of two other books Dr. Elliot Koffman is a professor of computer science at Temple University. One of the country's foremost computer science educators, he is a former chairman of both the ACM Task Force for Introductory Programming Methods Courses and the ACM Special Interest Group in Computer Science Education (SIGCSE).

Introduction to Computers and Programming

(40)

Electronic Computers Then and Now

(7)

Harware Components of a Computer

(6)

Computer Software

(3)

Problem Solving and Programming

(1)

The Software Development Method

(5)

Changing a Flat Tire

(2)

Programming Languages

(2)

About Ada

(3)

Processing a High-Level Language Program

(3)

A Step-by-Step Compilation Exercise

(3)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

(7)

Introducing Algorithms: Adventures of the Spider

(24)

Introducing the Spider

(3)

Straight-Line Algorithms

(5)

Algorithms with Single Loops

(3)

Algorithms with Nested Loops

(4)

Algorithms with Conditional Execution

(6)

Putting It All Together: The Drunken Spider

(3)

Introduction to Straight-Line Programs

(50)

The General Structure of Ada Programs

(4)

System Structures: Numerical Input and Output

(3)

Data Structures: Declaring Constant and Variable Objects

(5)

System Structures: General Form of an Ada Program

(2)

Problem Solving: Software Development Illustrated

(3)

Converting Units of Measurement

(3)

Control Structures: Assignment Statements

(3)

Control Structures: Input/Output Statements

(10)

Data Structures: Introduction to Data Types and Expressions

(11)

Finding the Value of a Coin Collection

101

(6)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

107

(8)

Problem Solving and Using Packages

115

(38)

Data Structures: Introduction to Subtypes

116

(3)

Problem Solving: Building Programs for Existing Information

119

(4)

Finding Area and Circumference of a Circle

119

(4)

Problem Solving: Extending a Problem Solution

123

(6)

Unit Price of a Pizza

123

(6)

Data Structures: Introducing Enumeration Types

129

(7)

Translating from English to French Color Names

133

(3)

System Structures: The Importance of Packages

136

(1)

System Structures: Using Ada's Calendar Package

137

(8)

Displaying Today's Date in ``mm/dd/yyyy'' Form

141

(3)

Displaying Today's Date in ``Month dd, yyyy'' Form

144

(1)

System Structures: Using a Screen-Control Package

145

(5)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

150

(3)

Decision Statements; Writing Functions and Packages

153

(46)

Control Structures: Boolean Expressions and the IF Statement

154

(9)

Given Today, Find Yesterday and Tomorrow

154

(9)

Problem Solving: Decision Steps in Algorithms

163

(3)

Finding the Alphabetically First Letter

163

(3)

Tricks of the Trade: Tracing a Program or Algorithm

166

(3)

Problem Solving: Extending a Solution

169

(6)

Payroll Problem

169

(4)

Computing Overtime Pay

173

(2)

Control Structures: The Multiple-Alternative IF Statement

175

(7)

System Structures: Using Ada's Math Library

182

(1)

System Structures: Writing Functions

183

(5)

System Structures: Writing a Package

188

(5)

Finding the Largest and Smallest of Three Numbers

191

(2)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

193

(6)

Counting Loops; Subtypes

199

(46)

Control Structures: Counting Loops and the FOR Statement

200

(9)

Sum of Integers

205

(4)

Problem Solving: Generalizing a Solution

209

(5)

General Sum Problem

209

(2)

Minimum, Maximum, and Average of a List of Numbers

211

(3)

Problem Solving: Using an External File for Input Data

214

(3)

Problem Solving: Repeating a Program Body

217

(3)

Multiple-Employee Payroll Problem

217

(3)

Control Structures: Nested Loops

220

(4)

Data Structures: More on Subtypes

224

(7)

Tricks of the Trade: Debugging and Regression Testing

231

(1)

System Structures: Overloading and the Useful Functions Package

232

(7)

System Structures: Introduction to Exception Handling

239

(2)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

241

(4)

Other Loop Forms; Procedures; Exception Handling

245

(56)

Control Structures: The General LOOP and EXIT Statements

245

(10)

The Water Balloon Drop

252

(3)

Problem Solving: Loop Design

255

(11)

Control Structures: The WHILE Statement

266

(1)

System Structures: Robust Exception Handling

267

(9)

Robust Menu-Driven Command Interpreter

272

(4)

System Structures: Writing Procedures

276

(9)

System Structures: A Package for Robust Input

285

(5)

Tricks of the Trade: Testing with Exception Handling

290

(1)

Tricks of the Trade: Programs That Never Halt

290

(1)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

291

(1)

Continuing Saga: A Child Package for the Spider

292

(9)

Scalar Data Types: the CASE Statement

301

(66)

Data Structures: Numeric Data Types

301

(14)

System Structures: More on Ada.Numerics; the USE Clause

315

(11)

Approximating the Value of e

321

(5)

System Structures: More on Ada.Numerics: Random Numbers

326

(3)

Data Structures: The Boolean Type

329

(11)

Testing Whether a Number Is Prime

337

(3)

Data Structures: The Character Type

340

(7)

Control Structures: The CASE Statement

347

(4)

Continuing Saga: Inside the Spider Package

351

(8)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

359

(8)

Composite Types: Records and Arrays

367

(62)

Data Structures: Record Types

368

(5)

Control Structures: Records as Subprogram Parameters

373

(3)

System Structures: A Package for Calendar Dates

376

(5)

Data Structures: Hierarchical Records

381

(4)

Data Structures: Array Types

385

(6)

Problem Solving: Selecting Array Elements for Processing

391

(6)

Problem Solving: Using Arrays

397

(7)

Problem Solving: Reading Part of an Array

404

(1)

Data Structures: Interesting Array Examples

405

(5)

Problem Solving: Searching and Sorting an Array

410

(11)

Sorting an Array of Records

415

(6)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

421

(8)

Strings and Files

429

(40)

Data Structures: The String Data Type

429

(11)

Generating Cryptograms

436

(4)

System Structures: Ada 95 Character and String Packages

440

(3)

System Structures: A Systematic View of Text Files

443

(11)

Problem Solving: Operating System Redirection of Standard Files

454

(5)

A Histogram-Plotting Program

455

(4)

Problem Solving: Getting Input Values from a String

459

(1)

Problem Solving: Reading Command Parameters

460

(4)

Lengths of Lines in a Text File

462

(2)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

464

(5)

Programming with Objects: Abstract Data Types

469

(50)

System Structures: Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

470

(4)

System Structures: The ADT Package Ada.Calendar

474

(8)

World Times

478

(4)

System Structures: Writing an ADT for Calendar Dates

482

(10)

System Structures: Writing an ADT for Money Quantities

492

(11)

System Structures: Using an ADT to Create a Mini-Data Base

503

(11)

Employee Inquiry System

508

(6)

Continuing Saga: Writing an ADT for Multiple Spiders

514

(1)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

515

(4)

Introduction to Unconstrained Array Types and Generics

519

(38)

Data Structures: Unconstrained Array Types

520

(4)

Problem Solving: A General Sorting Program

524

(5)

Software Support ``HotLine''

524

(5)

System Structures: Generic Units

529

(8)

Problem Solving: A Generic Sorting Program

537

(7)

System Structures: A Generic Sets Package

544

(8)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

552

(5)

Multidimensional Arrays and Variant Records

557

(34)

Data Structures: Multidimensional Arrays

557

(7)

Problem Solving: Using Multidimensional Arrays

564

(3)

Data Structures: Variant Records

567

(7)

System Structures: Geometric Figures

574

(10)

Continuing Saga: Keeping Tracks of Multiple Spiders

584

(1)

Tricks of the Trade: Common Programming Errors

585

(6)

Recursion

591

(40)

Problem Solving: The Nature of Recursion

591

(4)

Tricks of the Trade: Tracing a Recursive Function

595

(3)

Problem Solving: Recursive Mathematical Functions

598

(5)

Problem Solving: More Recursive Programs

603

(8)

Printing an Array Backward

603

(3)

Displaying an Array in Normal Order

606

(1)

Discovering Whether a String is a Palindrome

607

(4)

Problem Solving: More Case Studies in Recursion

611

(11)

Towers of Hanoi

611

(6)

Picture Processing with Recursion

617

(5)

Problem Solving: Recursive Searching

622

(5)

Recursive Binary Search

622

(5)

Tricks of the Trade: Debugging Recursive Subprograms

627

(4)

Access Types and Dynamic Data Structures

631

(42)

Data Structures: Access Types and the NEW Operator

631

(10)

Data Structures: Linked Lists and Their Operations

641

(11)

Data Structures: Linked Lists with Head and Tail Pointers

652

(1)

Problem Solving: Ordered Insertions in Linked Lists

653

(3)

System Structures: A Generic Version of the Linked List Package

656

(4)

Problem Solving: Stacks and Queues

660

(9)

Checking for Balanced Parentheses

664

(5)

Tricks of the Trade: Debugging Programs with Linked Lists

669

(4)

Programming with Objects: Tagged Record Types

673

(28)

System Structures: Object-Oriented Programming

673

(2)

System Structures: Tagged Types

675

(14)

Data Structures: General Access Types

689

(2)

System Structures Class-Wide Types

691

(3)

System Structures: Dynamic Dispatching

694

(1)

Heterogeneous Linked Lists

695

(6)

Introduction to Concurrent Programming

701

(28)

Problem Solving: What Is Concurrent Programming?

701

(3)

System Structures: Task Types and Task Objects

704

(7)

System Structures: Protected Types and Protected Objects

711

(5)

Continuing Saga: Multiple Concurrent Spiders

716

(13)

Appendix A: High-Resolution Color Graphics

729

(14)

A.1 AdaGraph: A Basic High-Resolution Graphics Package

729

(4)

A.2 Using AdaGraph Operations

733

(2)

A.3 A High-Resolution Color Spider Package

735

(3)

A.4 Using the High-Resolution Spider Package

738

(5)

Appendix B: The Ada Character Set, Delimiters, and Reserved Words

743

(3)

B.1 The Ada Character Set

743

(1)

B.2 Delimiters

744

(1)

B.3 Reserved Words

745

(1)

Appendix C: Ada's Predefined Environment: Package Standard

746

(4)

Appendix D: Specification of the Package Ada.Text_IQ

750

(5)

Appendix E: Specifications of the Ada Math Libraries

755

(3)

Appendix F: Summary of Ada Execution-Time Exceptions

758

(3)

F.1 Exceptions Defined in the Language

758

(1)

F.2 Exception Defined in Ada.Calendar

759

(1)

F.3 Exception Defined in Ada.Numerics

759

(1)

F.4 Exceptions Defined in Ada.Text_IQ

759

(2)

Appendix G: The Ada 95 Educational Resources CD-ROM

761

(2)

Index of Syntax Displays

763

(2)

Index of Style Displays

765

(1)

Index of Example Programs

766

(5)

General Index

771

Supplemental Materials

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The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

Excerpts

This textbook is intended for the introductory course in problem solving and program design using Ada 95. It assumes no prior knowledge of computers or programming, and for most of its material, high school algebra is sufficient mathematical background. The first two editions of this book have been used with success in a large number of introductory courses.While the book is generally oriented to the first-term student of programming, there is more material here than is usually covered in a first course. Chapters 11 through 17 focus on abstract data types, generics, recursion, dynamic data structures, inheritance-oriented programming, and concurrency. They can be used selectively in a fairly advanced first course or as part of a second-level course. The book covers the Ada 95 language thoroughly enough to serve as a useful introduction for professionals.The Ada 95 language standard was adopted early in 1995 by the International Standards Organization and the American National Standards Institute. Ada is a foundation language in a growing number of institutions (about 150 at this writing). Ada is also a language of choice in many important industry sectors, especially commercial aviation and air traffic control, high-speed and metropolitan rail transportation, scientific and communications satellites, and manufacturing control. The consensus among teachers of Ada is that its pedagogical virtues are very similar to its industrial ones. Problem Solving and Program DesignThe primary focus of this book is problem solving with Ada 95, not a study of the Ada 95 programming language per se. We achieve this focus by selecting features of the language that lend themselves to good program design. We also emphasize abstraction and use the time-tested six-step approach to software development: problem specification, analysis, design, test planning, implementation, and testing. Each of the 35 case studies throughout the book follows this software development method. New in the Third EditionThis edition includes a number of new end-of-chapter projects. Also, a new Chapter 2 uses an Ada 95 "spider" package--similar to the turtle graphics of Logo--to introduce the basics of algorithms and the fundamental sequential, loop, and test control structures, all in a platform-independent animated framework. Chapter 2 is independent of the others and thus provides flexibility to an instructor who sees real benefit in introducing all the major control structures together as early as possible. Instructors who were satisfied with the presentation order in the first two editions can simply skip from Chapter 1 to Chapter 3 without loss of continuity.This edition also contains alphabetical indexes of syntax displays, case studies, and program style guides and a new Appendix A, High-Resolution Color Graphics. This appendix provides a platform-independent package for simple two-dimensional graphics and examples including a high-resolution color spider package.Finally, this edition incorporates a CD-ROM, which is described in Appendix G. This CD-ROM contains: the complete set of about 200 book programs, all in standard, platform-independent Ada 95 the Appendix A software for various platforms platform-specific versions of the GNU Ada 95 Compiler (GNAT) and interactive development environments (IDEs) for Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows 95/98/NT, MS-DOS/PC-DOS, and Linux various browsable editions of the Ada 95 Reference Manual and Rationale and additional reference documents such as printable reference cards and graphical syntax diagrams a copy of Tenon's MachTen Code Builder system, a virtual UNIX environment for the Macintosh General Organization of the BookThe order of presentation is designed to do justice both to modern programming concepts and to the power of Ada. Each chapter beyond Chapters 1 and 2 presents a balanced mixture of a number of important l