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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes | p. xi |
About the Contributors | p. xv |
Preface | p. xxi |
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xxiii |
Introduction | |
Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The Possibilities and Constraints in Low-and Middle-Income Nations | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The potential for adaptation | p. 4 |
The constraints on implementation | p. 5 |
The urban context | p. 11 |
Vulnerability | p. 19 |
Climate change and disasters | p. 21 |
The continuum of risk from everyday hazards to catastrophic disasters | p. 28 |
Building on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report | p. 30 |
Government roles and responsibilities | p. 34 |
Risk and Vulnerability for Cities | |
The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and Human Settlements in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Climate change, coastal settlement and urban vulnerabilities | p. 52 |
Estimating population and human settlement patterns in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) | p. 55 |
The international distribution of low-elevation coastal settlement | p. 58 |
Changes in low-elevation coastal settlement between 1990 and 2000: The examples of China and Bangladesh | p. 68 |
Conclusions | p. 69 |
Climate Change and Coastal Cities: The Case of Mombasa, Kenya | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Vulnerability of Mombasa to climate change | p. 78 |
Climate change impacts in Mombasa | p. 80 |
Adaptation to climate change in Mombasa | p. 85 |
Conclusions | p. 90 |
Vulnerabilities and Responses to Climate Change for Dhaka | p. 93 |
Introduction | p. 93 |
Dhaka's contribution to global climate change | p. 95 |
The effects of climate change in Dhaka | p. 97 |
Affected sectors and vulnerabilities | p. 101 |
Response measures | p. 105 |
Conclusions | p. 108 |
The Vulnerability to Climate Change of Cotonou (Benin): The Rise in Sea Level | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Cotonou | p. 111 |
Cotonou's vulnerability to sea-level rise | p. 113 |
Impact of rising sea level | p. 114 |
Coastal erosion in Cotonou and the surrounding area | p. 114 |
Adapting to the rise in sea level and its consequences | p. 121 |
Conclusions | p. 124 |
The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Framing vulnerability | p. 131 |
The case studies | p. 132 |
Conclusions | p. 151 |
Climate, Climate Change and Human Health in Asian Cities | p. 159 |
Introduction | p. 159 |
Climate change and health | p. 160 |
Climate, water supplies and sanitation and health | p. 160 |
High temperatures and heat wave events | p. 165 |
Longer-term changes and the future health of populations in cities | p. 167 |
Responding to climate change: Adaptation and health at the city level | p. 168 |
Conclusions | p. 169 |
Climate Change and Urban Children: Impacts and Implications for Adaptation in Low-and Middle-Income Countries | p. 175 |
Introduction | p. 175 |
Understanding the impacts upon children of climate change | p. 177 |
The implications for adaptation | p. 187 |
Conclusions | p. 192 |
Unjust Waters: Climate Change, Flooding and the Urban Poor in Africa | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
The changing climate in Africa | p. 202 |
Trends in urban flooding in Africa | p. 203 |
Local case studies of urban flooding | p. 206 |
General guidelines on adaptations to climate change | p. 216 |
Responsibilities and actions | p. 218 |
Urban Poverty and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Latin America | p. 225 |
Introduction | p. 225 |
Vulnerability and adaptation in urban areas | p. 228 |
Possible ways forward | p. 238 |
The need for adaptation and development | p. 243 |
Case Studies on Adaptation | |
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Institutionalizing Climate Change at the Local Government Level in Durban, South Africa | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 253 |
Climate change and the environmental management function | p. 255 |
Mainstreaming the climate change debate in Durban | p. 259 |
Conclusions | p. 269 |
Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for Climate Change: The City of Cape Town | p. 271 |
Introduction | p. 271 |
Background to climate change | p. 272 |
Towards a framework for adapting to climate change at the municipal level | p. 273 |
Examples of potential current and future municipal climate-induced impacts for the city of Cape Town | p. 278 |
Conclusions | p. 285 |
Adapting to Climate Change: Water Management for Urban Resilience | p. 291 |
Introduction | p. 291 |
Instruments to manage variability, reduce vulnerability and build resilience | p. 293 |
The development context and constraints before climate change | p. 294 |
The challenges of climate change for water resources management | p. 295 |
Water resources costs: The added burden of adaptation | p. 298 |
Some practical challenges and responses | p. 301 |
Conclusions: Water resources management could be a lead sector in building urban resilience to climate change | p. 304 |
Moving Forward | |
Climate Change Risk: An Adaptation and Mitigation Agenda for Indian Cities | p. 311 |
Introduction | p. 311 |
India's RUrban transformation (2000-2050) | p. 312 |
Urban renewal, disaster management and climate change mitigation | p. 314 |
India's climate change risk exposure | p. 316 |
Composite multi-hazard risk adaptation | p. 322 |
Urban populations and elements at risk | p. 323 |
Urban vulnerability to climate change | p. 324 |
A possible urban climate change adaptation framework | p. 325 |
Institutional capacity for urban climate risk adaptation | p. 331 |
Building a mitigation agenda for Indian cities | p. 332 |
Conclusions | p. 333 |
International Funding to Support Urban Adaptation to Climate Change | p. 339 |
Introduction | p. 339 |
Funding for adaptation under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) | p. 340 |
The role of official development assistance (ODA) in funding adaptation | p. 345 |
Access to adaptation finance by urban stakeholders | p. 350 |
Conclusions | p. 353 |
Conclusions: Local Development and Adaptation | p. 359 |
Introduction | p. 359 |
Key themes | p. 360 |
Conclusions | p. 363 |
Index | p. 385 |
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