Adaptive Behavior and Its Measurements : Implications for the Field of Mental Retardation

by Schalock, Robert L.; Braddock, David L.

• ISBN13: 9780940898646
• ISBN10: 0940898640
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-05-01
• Publisher: Amer Assn on Intellectual & Devel

Table of Contents

Tables	p. xiii
Figures	p. xiv
Preface	p. xv
The Concept of Adaptive Behavior	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 5
Adaptive Behavior: A Historical Overview	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Adaptive Behavior Prior to the 1960s	p. 8
Adaptive Behavior During the 1960s	p. 8
Adaptive Behavior During the 1970s	p. 9
Adaptive Behavior During the 1980s	p. 10
Conclusion	p. 11
References	p. 13
Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior: Functional and Structural Characteristics	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
The Search for Structure	p. 16
Factor Analysis: The Primary Structural Tool	p. 18
The Past: A Glance Back at Prior Factor Analytic Research	p. 22
Meyers, Nihira, and Zetlin (1979) Review	p. 22
McGrew and Bruininks (1989) Review	p. 23
Widaman, Borthwick-Duffy, and Little (1991) Review	p. 23
Widaman and McGrew (1996) APA Review	p. 24
The Present: Reexamining and Extending the Prior Research	p. 24
Review Methodology	p. 24
Adaptive Behavior	p. 25
Maladaptive Behavior	p. 26
Conclusions	p. 28
The Future: The Need for a "Big-Picture" Perspective	p. 30
Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior as Hierarchical Constructs	p. 30
Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior as "Typical Performance"	p. 31
The Edge of the Envelope: A "Big-Picture" Heuristic Framework	p. 34
Implications of the Big Picture	p. 36
References	p. 38
The Merging of Adaptive Behavior and Intelligence: Implications for the Field of Mental Retardation	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
The Merging of the Constructs of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior	p. 44
The Multifactorial Approach to Intelligence	p. 44
The Multifactorial Approach to Adaptive Behavior	p. 47
Impact of the Merging of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior	p. 48
Concept of Disability	p. 48
Definition of Mental Retardation	p. 49
Focus of Assessment	p. 50
Implications for the Field	p. 52
Definitive Features of Mental Retardation	p. 53
Organizing Framework	p. 53
Ecological and Contextual Focus	p. 53
Conclusion	p. 54
References	p. 55
A Contextualist Perspective on Adaptive Behavior	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Contextualism Defined	p. 61
Settings Within Which Behavior Occurs	p. 61
The Process of Becoming	p. 62
The Pragmatics of Life	p. 62
Social Processes and Contexts	p. 62
Contextualism and Mental Retardation	p. 63
Searching for Social Intelligence	p. 67
Credulity and Gullibility as Core Deficits in Mental Retardation	p. 69
The Assessment of Credulity and Gullibility	p. 71
A Proposed Action Framework for Social Adaptation	p. 72
Context Demands	p. 72
Motivation	p. 74
Social Intelligence	p. 74
Biology	p. 74
Summary	p. 75
Conclusion	p. 75
References	p. 77
Assistive Technology and Adaptive Behavior	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Introduction to Independent Living	p. 81
Choice and Consumer Direction	p. 83
Assistive Technology and Independence	p. 84
Setting-Specific Demands	p. 85
Individual-Specific Characteristics	p. 87
Adaptations	p. 88
Selection and Training	p. 90
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Assistive Technology Adaptations	p. 92
Conclusion	p. 93
References	p. 94
The Measurement of Adaptive Behavior	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
References	p. 101
Psychometric Standards for Adaptive Behavior Assessment	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
What Is a Test?	p. 104
Many Expectations for Adaptive Behavior Measures	p. 105
Psychometric Standards for Adaptive Behavior Measures	p. 106
Reliability	p. 106
Validity	p. 110
Conclusion	p. 111
Interpreting Tests	p. 112
Test Fairness	p. 112
Role of Norms	p. 113
Summary	p. 114
References	p. 115
Cultural and Demographic Group Comparisons of Adaptive Behavior	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Cultural Group Comparisons	p. 121
Anglo Americans	p. 121
African Americans	p. 122
Latinos	p. 124
Asian Americans	p. 125
Native Americans	p. 125
Factors Involved in Cross-Cultural Differences	p. 127
Age	p. 127
Gender	p. 127
Socioeconomic Status	p. 128
Language	p. 129
Acculturation	p. 130
Geographic Region	p. 131
Family Structure	p. 131
Family Training and Disciplinary Practices	p. 132
Attitudes Towards Disability	p. 133
Summary and Conclusions	p. 134
References	p. 135
Examination of Gender and Race Factors in the Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Adaptive Behavior and Its Assessment	p. 141
Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Gender	p. 142
Relationship Between Adaptive Behavior and Race or Ethnicity	p. 143
Nature of Test Bias	p. 144
Controlling for Test Bias	p. 144
Test Content	p. 145
Normative Sample Demographic Characteristics	p. 145
Reliability and Validity Studies	p. 145
Examination of Test Items for Different Groups	p. 145
An Empirical Examination of Gender and Race Factors in Adaptive Behavior	p. 146
Instrument	p. 146
Sample	p. 147
Procedure and Results	p. 147
Discussion	p. 155
Reliability and Validity	p. 155
Delta Scores	p. 157
Item Response Theory	p. 157
References	p. 158
Critical Issues in the Cross-Cultural Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Historical Perspective	p. 162
Culturally Related Issues	p. 163
Special-Education Placement	p. 163
Criminal Liability	p. 165
Maladaptive Behaviors	p. 165
Assessment Strategies	p. 166
Cultural Communication Styles and Informant Interviews	p. 167
Culturally Competent Assessments	p. 168
Translation or Adaptation of Adaptive Behavior Scales	p. 168
Intralingual Adaptations	p. 169
Translation	p. 169
Translation Equivalence	p. 170
Bias	p. 174
Steps to Take When Validating a Translation or Adaptation	p. 174
Standards and Guidelines	p. 177
Conclusion	p. 179
References	p. 180
The Culturally Individualized Assessment of Adaptive Behavior: An Accommodation to the 1992 AAMR Definition, Classification, and Systems of Support	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Definition of Mental Retardation	p. 185
Developmental Origin	p. 186
Intelligence	p. 186
Adaptive Behavior	p. 187
Classification of Adaptive Skills, Intensities of Support, and Types of Support	p. 188
Adaptive Skills Areas	p. 188
Intensities of Support	p. 191
Types of Support	p. 192
Cultural Fairness	p. 193
Quantification of Adaptive Behavior in Terms of Supports Given to Assessed Individuals in Unique Settings and Subcultures	p. 194
General Scoring Protocols for Assessing Adaptive Skills	p. 194
Culturally Individualized Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	p. 197
Field Test of 32 Participants With 20 Items	p. 198
Culturally Sensitive Individualized Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	p. 202
References	p. 204
The Future of the Construct of Adaptive Behavior	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Adaptive Behavior and Its Measurement: Setting the Future Agenda	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
Challenge: To Integrate the Concepts of Adaptive Behavior and Intelligence	p. 209
Multidimensional and Hierarchical Nature	p. 209
Personal Competence	p. 210
Challenge: To Understand Contextual Variables	p. 211
Trait Versus an Ecological or Functional Approach	p. 211
Role of Mediating Variables	p. 213
Challenge: To Rethink the Definition of Mental Retardation and Its Measurement	p. 214
Definition of Mental Retardation	p. 214
Measurement of Mental Retardation	p. 216
Challenge: To Address Issues of Cross-Cultural Assessment of Adaptive Behavior	p. 217
Purpose of Adaptive Behavior Assessment	p. 217
Cross-Cultural Validation	p. 217
Test Bias	p. 218
Cross-Cultural Competence	p. 219
The Future	p. 219
References	p. 220
Subject Index	p. 223
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