Adhesion Its Role in Inflammatory Disease

by Harlan, John M.; Liu, David Y.

• ISBN13: 9780716770107
• ISBN10: 0716770105
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1993-09-23
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells is a critical early step in the onset of inflammatory disease. This monograph provides a unique description of adhesion as it relates to the subsequent event of transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Combining theoretical background and practical knowledge, the book describes the mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion, providing information that could eventually facilitate the clinical treatment of inflammation. There is a special section on soluble mediators that influence the ability of these cells to be activated. The work also extends its detailed description of adhesion as an in vitro phenomenon to the latest studies of in vivo animal models which provide the first significant evidence of adhesion as an essential step in the progression of inflammatory disease. This collection of important advances in the field of cellular adhesion will be of value to graduate students, researchers, and clinicians interested in a complete discussion of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and its role in inflammatory disease.

Table of Contents

Preface
Integrin-Immunoglobulin Superfamily Interactions in Endothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion	p. 1
ICAM/LFA-1 Interactions	p. 2
VCAM-1/VLA-4 Interaction	p. 7
Summary	p. 13
References	p. 15
Selectin/Carbohydrate-Mediated Adhesion of Leukocytes	p. 19
The Selectin Family--A Homologous Gene Family	p. 20
The Lectin Domains	p. 20
CR and EGF Domains	p. 21
Soluable Forms of CD62	p. 21
Cellular Distribution and Expression of the Selectins	p. 22
Carbohydrate Ligands of the Selectins	p. 24
Mel-14/LAM-1	p. 24
ELAM-1	p. 25
SLe[reproduction of symbols] as a Ligand for ELAM-1	p. 25
Vim-2 Antigen as a Ligand	p. 26
CD62	p. 28
Distribution and Biosynthesis of SLe[reproduction of symbols]	p. 28
Identification of Le[reproduction of symbols] and SLe[reproduction of symbols] as Leukocyte Antigens	p. 28
Expression of SLe[reproduction of symbols] on Glycoproteins and Glycolipids of Leukocytes	p. 29
Biosynthesis of SLe[reproduction of symbols]	p. 30
Relevance of SLe[reproduction of symbols] Expression to the Cell Selectivities of ELAM-1 and CD62	p. 32
Roles of Selectins in Leukocyte Recruitment In Vivo	p. 33
Mediation of Early Interactions of Leukocytes With Endothelial Cells	p. 33
ELAM-1 Expression Associated With Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Disease	p. 36
Summary	p. 37
References	p. 38
The Homing Receptor (LECAM 1/L Selectin): A Carbohydrate-Binding Mediator of Adhesion in the Immune System	p. 43
Historical Perspective	p. 44
cDNA Cloning of the Murine and Human Homing Receptor	p. 46
Genomic Structure and Chromosomal Localization of the Human and Murine Homing Receptor Genes	p. 50
The Nature of the Ligands for the Homing Receptor	p. 51
Structure and Function of Homing Receptor Domains	p. 54
The Neutrophil Homing Receptor: A Mediator of Neutrophil Rolling In Vivo	p. 55
Regulatory Aspects of Homing Receptor Function	p. 58
Summary	p. 60
References	p. 61
Regulation of Myeloid Blood Cell-Endothelial Interaction by Cytokines	p. 65
Blood Cell Endothelial Interactions and Their Measurement	p. 65
Cytokines and Adhesion	p. 66
Activation of Endothelium by Cytokines	p. 66
Effect of Cytokines on Endothelial Adhesion Structures	p. 67
Inhibition of Endothelial Activation	p. 68
Transforming Growth Factor[reproduction of symbols] (TGF-[reproduction of symbols])	p. 69
IL-4	p. 70
Activation of Blood Cells by Cytokines	p. 70
Neutrophils	p. 71
Eosinophils	p. 76
Monocytes	p. 76
Summary	p. 77
References	p. 78
Transendothelial Migration	p. 83
Transendothelial Migration In Vitro	p. 83
Transmigration Induced by Cytokine Stimulation of the Endothelium	p. 87
Cytokine-Stimulated Endothelial Cells Activate Neutrophil Motility	p. 88
Contributors of Adherence to Transendothelial Migration	p. 89
Specific Adhesion Molecules and Migration Toward Chemotactic Gradients	p. 91
Specific Adhesion Molecules and Migration Induced by Cytokine Stimulation of the Endothelial Cells	p. 94
Contribution of Margination to Neutrophil Localization	p. 98
Three Stages in the Process of Leukocyte Extravasation	p. 103
Specific Adhesion Molecules and the Migration of Lymphocytes and Other Leukocytes	p. 104
References	p. 107
In Vivo Models of Leukocyte Adherence to Endothelium	p. 117
Intravital Microscopy	p. 118
Leukocyte Sticking	p. 118
Leukocyte Rolling	p. 122
The Marginated Pool and Margination	p. 123
Emigration	p. 125
CD11/CD18	p. 126
ICAM-1	p. 129
L-Selectin	p. 129
E-Selectin	p. 131
P-Selectin	p. 132
VLA-4 and VCAM-1	p. 132
Genetic Deficiency of Adhesion Proteins	p. 133
Anti-Adhesion Therapy	p. 133
Efficacy	p. 134
Safety	p. 141
Future Directions	p. 144
Conclusion	p. 144
References	p. 144
Regulation of Cell Adhesion	p. 151
Mechanisms That Regulate Cell Adhesion	p. 152
Methods of Regulation of Adhesion Receptor Expression	p. 153
Cytokines	p. 154
Infectious Agents Can Modulate Adhesion Receptor Expression	p. 158
Genetic Factors	p. 158
Activation of Adhesion Receptors ("Inside-Out" Signalling)	p. 159
Antigen-Specific and Nonspecific Activation of LFA-1	p. 159
Activation of LFA-1 Compared to Other Integrins	p. 162
Intracellular Messengers and Affinity Modulation of Integrin Receptors	p. 162
Activation Epitopes, the Role of Cations and Receptor Conformation	p. 164
Signalling Through Adhesion Receptors ("Outside-In" Signalling)	p. 170
Organization of Adhesion Receptors at the Cell Surface and the
Role of the Cytoskeleton	p. 172
Redundancy	p. 173
Adhesion Cascades	p. 174
Synopsis and Discussion	p. 175
References	p. 176
Outlook for the Future	p. 183
References	p. 186
Appendix--In Vitro Adhesion Assay	p. 189
Endothelial Cells	p. 190
Leukocyte/Endothelial Cell Static Adhesion Assay	p. 190
Leukocyte/Endothelial Cell Shear Stress Adhesion Assay	p. 191
Leukocyte/Recombinant Protein Adhesion Assay	p. 191
Transendothelial Migration	p. 192
Detection Methods for Adherent Leukocytes	p. 192
References	p. 192
Glossary	p. 195
Index	p. 197
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