Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy

by Breyer, Stephen G.

• ISBN13: 9780735556065
• ISBN10: 0735556067
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-30
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

When you consider casebooks for your next administrative law course, make sure you examine this excellent revision from an author team of unmatched expertise. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND REGULATORY POLICY: Problems, Text, and Cases, Sixth Edition, offers a challenging examination of doctrine and policy that has been perfected through years of classroom use. The casebook is highly respected for its many strengths: stellar authorship logical organization that reveals the interaction between doctrine and procedure, As well as bureaucratic and political factors in play notes and problems that systematically survey regulation, exploring not only prices and entry, but also health, safety, And The environment historical background material on the rise of regulation And The role of the New Deal in changing American government coverage of economic aspects of regulatory control, examining the regulatory decision-making process through cost-benefit analysis comprehensive Teacher's Manual that offers detailed advice and answers to problems Changes For The Sixth Edition reflect both legal developments and classroom experience: new Supreme Court cases, including those involving the war on terrorism new treatment of the relationship between administrative law And The war on terror clearer explication of the Chevron problem and recent developments in the theory and practice of judicial review of agency action new materials on national security tradeoffs, environmental protection, and telecommunications considered in exploring the relationship between administrative law and regulatory policy expanded treatment of the foundations of the modern regulatory state, including the debate between standard economic theory and behavioral economics additional discussion of separation of powers questions -- And The role of the courts in responding to them

Table of Contents

Table of Abbreviations	xxxv
Preface to the Sixth Edition	xxxvii
Preface to the Fifth Edition	xxxix
Acknowledgments	xli
Introduction	1	(30)
The Book's Content and Organization	1	(1)
What Is Administrative Law?	2	(1)
Regulation	3	(28)
Problems Thought to Call for Administrative Regulation	4	(1)
Market Failures, Economically Defined	4	(3)
Less Secure Economic Grounds	7	(2)
Redistribution	9	(1)
Nonmarket or Collective Values	10	(1)
Disadvantage and Caste	10	(1)
Planning	10	(1)
Paternalism	10	(1)
The Classic Regulatory Tools	11	(2)
The Historical Development of Administrative Government and Administrative Law	13	(1)
English Antecedents	13	(1)
The American Experience to 1875	14	(2)
1875 to 1930: The Rise of Administrative Regulation and the Traditional Model of Administrative Law	16	(2)
The New Deal and Beyond: 1932-1945	18	(2)
1945 to 1962: The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and the Maturation of the Traditional Model of Administrative Law	20	(2)
1962 to 1980: The Rights Revolution, Critique of Administrative Process and Administrative Substance, and ``Public Interest'' Administrative Law	22	(3)
1980 to ?: Presidential Administration and the Cost-Benefit State	25	(6)
The Constitutional Position of the Administrative Agency	31	(110)
Introductory Note: Separation of Powers and (or) Checks and Balances	31	(1)
The Agency's Power to Legislate	32	(4)
State ex rel. Railroad & Warehouse Commission v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry.	33	(2)
Questions	35	(1)
The Nondelegation Doctrine in Federal Law	36	(38)
The Nondelegation Doctrine: Analytic and Textual Foundations	36	(2)
The Nondelegation ``Doctrine'' --- Early History and Pre-1935 Supreme Court Decisions	38	(2)
Panama Refining and Schechter	40	(2)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States	42	(3)
Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally	45	(3)
Questions on Schechter and Amalgamated Meat Cutters	48	(2)
Note on Historically Based Price Regulation	50	(2)
A Further Note on Historically Based Price Regulation	52	(1)
Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute (The Benzene Case)	53	(8)
Note: The Benzene Problem	61	(2)
Recent Developments	63	(1)
American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency	63	(2)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.	65	(2)
Questions on American Trucking	67	(4)
Note: Other Delegations	71	(3)
Note on Nondelegation and Statutory Interpretation	74	(1)
Concluding Questions	74	(1)
The Executive and the Agencies	74	(48)
The Old Learning	76	(1)
Myers v. United States	76	(1)
Humphrey's Executor v. United States	77	(2)
Weiner v. United States	79	(2)
Notes and Questions	81	(2)
Modern Developments	83	(1)
The Legislative Veto	83	(1)
Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha	83	(6)
Notes and Questions	89	(2)
Bowsher v. Synar	91	(2)
Mistretta v. United States	93	(3)
Questions: The Status of Independent Agencies and Independent Officials	96	(4)
Note: The ``Independent'' and ``Executive'' Agencies	100	(2)
Presidential Control of the Regulatory State	102	(2)
Executive Order 12,291 --- Regulatory Analysis	104	(1)
Executive Order 12,498 --- Regulatory Planning	105	(1)
Executive Order 12,866: Regulatory Planning and Review	106	(7)
President Clinton's Regulatory Planning and Review Executive Order	113	(1)
Note on Executive Order 12,866	114	(1)
The 1995 Unfunded Mandate Reform Act	115	(1)
The Paperwork Reduction Act	116	(1)
Executive Branch Regulatory Management Process	117	(1)
Notes and Questions	117	(5)
The Agency's Power to Adjudicate	122	(19)
Crowell v. Benson	123	(4)
Questions	127	(1)
The ``Private Right/Public Right'' Distinction and the Role of Article III Courts	128	(1)
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.	129	(1)
Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor	130	(3)
Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co.	133	(1)
Questions	133	(1)
The ``Jurisdictional Fact'' and ``Constitutional Fact'' Doctrines	134	(2)
The Seventh Amendment as a Limitation on the Agency's Power to Adjudicate	136	(2)
Questions	138	(1)
Concluding Note	139	(2)
Administrative Discretion, Administrative Substance, and Regulatory Performance	141	(50)
Political Legitimacy and the Concentration of (Unchecked?) Power	142	(1)
Criticisms of Administration	143	(17)
R. Noll, Regulation After Reagan	145	(2)
C. R. Sunstein, Free Markets and Social Justice	147	(2)
W. Kip Viscusi, Fatal Tradeoffs	149	(4)
T. Tengs & J. Graham, The Opportunity Costs of Haphazard Social Investments in Life-Saving, Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved	153	(1)
S. Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle	154	(3)
D. Schoenbrod, Power Without Responsibility	157	(2)
M. Seidenfeld, A Civic Republican Justification for the Bureaucratic State	159	(1)
Alternative Remedies for Regulatory ``Failure''	160	(31)
Substantive Policy Change: Deregulation, Mismatch, and Economic Incentives	161	(1)
Changing Individual Programs	161	(1)
Deregulation	161	(2)
Mismatch	163	(1)
Economic Incentives	164	(1)
Ackerman & Stewart, Reforming Environmental Law: The Democratic Case for Economic Incentives	165	(3)
Generic Efforts to Bring about Substantive Reform	168	(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis, Least Burdensome Alternatives, and Comparative Risk Rankings	168	(1)
J. Graham, Making Sense of Risk: An Agenda for Congress, in Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved	169	(3)
L. Lave, Benefit-Cost Analysis: Do the Benefits Exceed the Costs?, in Risks, Costs, and Lives Saved	172	(2)
E. Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics (1993)	174	(1)
Statements of Effects or Impacts	175	(1)
Encouraging Step-by-Step Reform	176	(1)
Better Personnel	177	(3)
Structural Change: Managerial Proposals	180	(1)
Putting Independent Agencies under the President	180	(1)
Coordination	181	(1)
Priority-Setting	182	(1)
S. Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle	182	(3)
Supervisory Proposals	185	(1)
Congress	185	(1)
The President	186	(1)
The Courts	187	(1)
New Institutions	187	(1)
An Administrative Court	188	(1)
A Technical Review Board	188	(1)
The Ombudsman	189	(1)
Strengthening Bureaucracy	189	(1)
Concluding Note	190	(1)
The Scope of Judicial Review --- Questions of Fact, Law, and Policy	191	(214)
Review of Questions of Fact	192	(30)
The Universal Camera Litigation	192	(1)
NLRB v. Universal Camera Corp. (I)	192	(4)
Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB	196	(5)
NLRB v. Universal Camera Corp. (II)	201	(2)
Background Notes on Universal Camera	203	(1)
Allentown Mack: Facts, Politics, and Law	204	(1)
Allentown Mack Sales and Service v. National Labor Relations Board	204	(6)
Judicial Review of Agency Factfinding	210	(4)
The Relevance of Administrative Law Judge Findings	214	(1)
Burdens of Persuasion and Burdens of Production	215	(2)
Alternative Standards of Review	217	(1)
Problems	218	(1)
Immigration, Substantial Evidence, and Act versus Policy	219	(1)
Zhen Li lao v. Gonzales	219	(2)
Questions	221	(1)
The ``Constitutional Fact'' Doctrine: Notes on Ratemaking	222	(6)
Introductory Note	222	(1)
The Natural Monopoly	223	(1)
Cost-of-Service Ratemaking	223	(1)
Statutes That Govern Ratemaking	224	(1)
Determining the Rate Base: The Role of the Courts and Traditional Methods of Evaluation	225	(1)
Smyth v. Ames	225	(1)
The Ben Avon Doctrine	226	(1)
FPC v. Hope Natural Gas Co.	226	(1)
Note	227	(1)
Determining the Rate of Return	227	(1)
Review of Questions of Law	228	(14)
What Is a Question of Law?	228	(1)
United States v. Fifty-Three Eclectus Parrots	228	(1)
Notes and Questions	229	(3)
The Basic ``Statutory Interpretation'' Problem: The Years before Chevron	232	(2)
NLRB v. Hearst Publications	234	(2)
``Legislative Rules'' versus Agency Interpretations	236	(1)
Skidmore v. Swift & Co.	236	(3)
Notes	239	(3)
Chevron: Synthesis or Revolution?	242	(104)
Chevron, Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council	242	(5)
Notes and Questions	247	(5)
Note on Economic Incentives	252	(3)
A Chevron Sampler	255	(1)
Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Cardoza Fonseca	255	(2)
Young v. Community Nutrition Institute	257	(1)
Maislin Industries, U.S. v. Primary Steel	257	(1)
Notes and Questions	258	(1)
The Reach of Chevron	259	(1)
Christensen v. Harris County	259	(2)
United States v. Mead Corporation	261	(9)
Barnhart v. Walton	270	(1)
Chevron's Scope: Questions and Puzzles	270	(2)
Chevron, Textualism, Literalism: Problems in Step 1	272	(1)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon	273	(8)
MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. American Telephone & Telegraph Co.	281	(3)
Public Citizen v. Young	284	(5)
Food and Drug Administration v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation	289	(9)
Notes on Chevron, Literalism, and Statutory Text	298	(4)
Note on the Regulation of Carcinogens	302	(5)
Note on Cost-Benefit Analysis, with Particular Reference to Carcinogens	307	(8)
A Further Note on Regulating Risk	315	(1)
Office of Management and Budget, Regulatory Program of the United States Government	315	(3)
Zeckhauser & Viscusi, Risk within Reason	318	(1)
Note on Priority-Setting	318	(3)
Note on Health-Health Tradeoffs	321	(1)
Chevron, Agency Discretion, and ``Canons'' of Construction	322	(1)
Kent v. Dulles	322	(2)
Questions on Kent v. Dulles and ``Clear Statement'' Principles	324	(1)
Chevron vs. Canons of Construction?	325	(2)
Chevron Step 2	327	(2)
Ohio v. Department of Interior	329	(5)
Note on Valuing Regulatory Benefits	334	(2)
More Chevron Puzzles	336	(6)
Chevron Summary: A Broad Version and Four Narrowing Techniques	342	(2)
Chevron at War?	344	(2)
Agency Interpretations of Agency Regulations	346	(59)
The ``Arbitrary and Capricious'' Standard and the Hard Look Doctrine	347	(1)
The Road to Overton Park and the Origins of ``Hard Look'' Review	347	(2)
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. FPC (I)	349	(1)
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. FPC (II)	350	(1)
Questions	351	(1)
Note on Environmental Regulation	352	(2)
Note on Ethyl Corp. v. EPA	354	(2)
Notes and Questions	356	(1)
The Overton Park Synthesis	357	(1)
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe	357	(5)
Notes and Questions	362	(2)
The ``Relevant Factors''	364	(1)
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. LTV Corp.	365	(1)
National Coalition Against Misuse of Pesticides v. Thomas	365	(1)
A ``Clear Error of Judgment''	365	(1)
Community Nutrition Institute v. Bergland	366	(1)
Microcomputer Technology Institute v. Riley	367	(1)
U.S. Air Tour Assn. v. F.A.A.	367	(1)
Questions	367	(1)
The Hard Look Now (?)	368	(1)
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.	368	(7)
Note on Regulatory Standard-Setting	375	(3)
Changing the Substance of Regulatory Law	378	(1)
Notes and Questions	379	(5)
Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC	384	(7)
Corrosion Proof Fittings v. U.S.E.P.A.	391	(8)
Notes and Questions	399	(2)
Discounting Lives and Health	401	(1)
Telecommunications Controversies	402	(1)
Fox Television Stations, Inc. v. FCC	402	(1)
Sinclair Broadcasting Group, Inc. v. FCC	403	(1)
Concluding Note	403	(2)
``Common Law'' Requirements: Clarity, Consistency, ``Fairness''	405	(74)
Does the Constitution Require Agencies to Make Rules?	405	(17)
Boyce Motor Lines v. United States	405	(3)
Notes and Questions	408	(1)
Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Movement	409	(3)
Notes and Questions	412	(1)
K. Davis, l Administrative Law Treatise (2d ed.) (1978)	413	(2)
Notes and Questions	415	(1)
Soglin v. Kauffman	416	(1)
Horns by v. Allen	416	(1)
Holmes v. New York City Housing Authority	417	(1)
Fook Hong Mak v. Immigration & Naturalization Service	418	(1)
Asimakopoulos v. Immigration & Naturalization Service	419	(1)
Notes and Questions	419	(3)
Requiring Consistent Explanation: The Chenery Litigation	422	(12)
Note: The Public Utility Holding Company Act	422	(1)
SEC v. Chenery Corp. (I)	423	(5)
Federal Water Service Corp. (The SEC Decision on Remand)	428	(1)
SEC v. Chenery Corp. (II)	428	(4)
Notes and Questions: Chenery and Consistent Explanations	432	(2)
Consistency in Applying Regulations: ``An Agency Must Follow Its Own Rules''	434	(14)
Rate Structures: Economic Background	434	(4)
Arizona Grocery	438	(1)
Note: The ICC's Ratemaking Powers	438	(1)
The ICC's Decision in Arizona Grocery	439	(1)
Arizona Grocery Co. v. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway	440	(3)
Notes and Questions	443	(1)
Subsequent History of the Arizona Grocery Procedural Principle	443	(1)
United States v. Caceres	444	(2)
Notes and Questions	446	(1)
Note	447	(1)
Estoppel and Res Judicata	448	(16)
Estoppel	448	(1)
Schweiker v. Hansen	449	(1)
Notes and Questions	450	(1)
Office of Personnel Management v. Richmond	451	(4)
Notes, Questions, Problems	455	(3)
Res Judicata	458	(3)
United States v. Mendoza	461	(1)
Problems	462	(2)
Requiring Consistency to Safeguard Expectations --- Problems of Retroactivity	464	(15)
Adjudication	464	(1)
Inconsistent Decisions	464	(1)
Brennan v. Gilles & Cotting, Inc.	465	(1)
Notes and Questions	465	(1)
Retroactivity	465	(1)
NLRB v. Guy F. Atkinson Co.	466	(1)
NLRB v. Local 176, United Brotherhood of Carpenters	467	(1)
NLRB v. E & B Brewing Co.	467	(1)
Leedom v. Ibew	467	(1)
NLRB v. APW Products	468	(1)
NLRB v. Majestic Weaving Co.	468	(1)
H. & F. Binch Co. Plant of Native Laces & Textile Division of Indian Head, Inc. v. NLRB	468	(1)
Problems	469	(1)
Rulemaking	470	(1)
Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital	471	(3)
Questions	474	(5)
Procedural Requirements in Agency Decisionmaking: Rulemaking and Adjudication	479	(95)
Rulemaking and Adjudication: The Constitutional Distinction	480	(8)
Londoner v. Denver	480	(1)
Questions	481	(1)
Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization	481	(2)
Notes and Questions	483	(2)
Southern Railway v. Virginia	485	(2)
Notes and Questions	487	(1)
The Procedural Requirements of the APA and the Interplay between Rulemaking and Adjudication	488	(86)
Introductory Note on the Procedural Provisions of the APA	488	(1)
Formal On-the-Record Adjudication	489	(3)
Formal On-the-Record Rulemaking	492	(1)
Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking	493	(1)
Informal Adjudication	494	(1)
The Scope of Agency Rulemaking Authority and the Choice of Rulemaking versus Adjudication as a Means for Developing Agency Policy	495	(1)
Agency Rulemaking Authority	495	(1)
National Petroleum Refiners Association v. FTC	495	(2)
Notes and Questions	497	(2)
Agency Choice Between Rulemaking and Adjudication	499	(3)
Judicial Control of Agency Choice of Procedures	502	(1)
Note: The APA and Judicial Review of Agency Choice Between Rulemaking and Adjudication	503	(1)
NLRB v. Wyman-Gordon Co.	504	(4)
Notes and Questions	508	(1)
Morton v. Ruiz	509	(2)
Questions	511	(1)
NLRB v. Bell Aerospace Co.	512	(1)
Notes and Questions	513	(1)
Formal On-the-Record Rulemaking	514	(1)
United States v. Florida East Coast Railway	514	(4)
Notes and Questions	518	(2)
Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking Procedures	520	(1)
Implications of Increasing Agency Use of Rulemaking	520	(1)
The Impact of Rulemaking on Adjudicatory Hearing Rights	521	(1)
FPC v. Texaco, Inc.	521	(1)
Notes and Questions	522	(1)
Heckler v. Campbell	523	(3)
Notes and Questions	526	(1)
Problem	526	(1)
Judicial Transformation of §553 Notice-and-Comment Procedures	527	(1)
United States v. Nova Scotia Food Products Corp.	528	(2)
Note: The Judicial Development of ``Paper Hearing'' Procedures	530	(1)
Weyerhauser Co. v. Costle	531	(1)
Notes and Questions	532	(4)
Note on Decisions Requiring Procedural Formalities in Rulemaking beyond ``Paper Hearing''	536	(1)
Note on Statutory Requirements for Hybrid Procedures in Rulemaking	536	(2)
Halting Judicial Transformation: The Vermont Yankee Litigation	538	(2)
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council	540	(2)
Notes and Questions	542	(2)
Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking: The Exceptions	544	(1)
Overview	544	(1)
American Hospital Association v. Bowen	544	(3)
Appalachian Power Co. v. EPA	547	(2)
Rules That Represent ``General Statements of Policy''	549	(1)
Community Nutrition Institute v. Young	549	(2)
Professionals & Patients for Customized Care v. Shalala	551	(1)
United States Telephone Association v. FCC	551	(1)
Rules That Are ``Interpretative''	552	(1)
American Mining Congress v. U.S. Department of Labor	552	(1)
Note: An Agency's ``Interpretation'' of Its Prior Regulations	553	(1)
Jerri's Ceramic Arts v. Consumer Product Safety Commission	554	(1)
New York City Employees' Retirement System v. SEC	555	(1)
Hoctor v. U.S. Department of Agriculture	555	(1)
Notes and Questions	556	(1)
Rules of ``Procedure''	557	(1)
Air Transport Association of America v. Department of Transportation	557	(2)
Chamber of Commerce v. Department of Labor	559	(1)
The ``Good Cause'' Exception	560	(1)
Notes and Questions on the Exemptions from Notice and Comment	561	(1)
Problems	562	(2)
Note: The Record for Judicial Review of Rules Within §553 Exceptions to Notice and Comment	564	(1)
The Standard for Judicial Review of Agency Factfinding in Informal Rulemaking	564	(1)
Consequences of the Transformation of Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking	565	(1)
Some Practical Consequences	565	(1)
A Framework for Analysis	566	(1)
Assessments of Current Arrangements and Possible Alternatives	567	(3)
Negotiated Rulemaking	570	(3)
USA Group Loan Services v. U.S. Department of Education	573	(1)
The Scope of the Right to Decision on the Record	574	(119)
The Need for Facts to Be Found in the Record and the Official Notice Problem	574	(2)
United States v. Ahilene & Southern Ry.	576	(1)
Questions	577	(1)
Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Utilities Commn.	578	(1)
Market Street Ry. v. Railroad Commn.	578	(1)
Boston Edison Co. v. FERC	579	(1)
Union Elec. Co. v. FERC	580	(2)
Note on Official Notice in Immigration Asylum Cases	582	(1)
Questions	583	(1)
The Problem of Off-the-Record Communications	584	(1)
``On-the-Record'' Proceedings	584	(2)
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Org. v. Federal Labor Relations Auth.	586	(3)
Notes and Questions	589	(2)
Informal Agency Decisions	591	(1)
Sangamon Valley Television Corp. v. United States	591	(1)
Home Box Office, Inc. v. FCC	592	(2)
Action for Children's Television v. FCC	594	(2)
Questions	596	(1)
Problem	597	(1)
Off-the-Record Communications by Agencies with Other Federal Government Officials	598	(1)
Sierra Cluh v. Costle	599	(3)
Notice-and-Comment Rulemaking and Congress	602	(1)
Off-the-Record White House Communications in Formal Adjudicatory Proceedings	603	(1)
Notes and Questions	604	(1)
Due Process Hearing Rights and the ``New Property''	605	(76)
The Traditional Learning	605	(2)
The Right-Privilege Distinction	607	(3)
Bailey v. Richardson	610	(1)
Questions	611	(1)
Nonconstitutional Avenues to Procedural Protection	612	(1)
Greene v. McElroy	612	(1)
Notes and Questions	613	(1)
Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy	613	(3)
Questions	616	(1)
Summary Administrative Action: The Timing of and Forum for a Hearing	617	(1)
North American Cold Storage Co. v. Chicago	617	(1)
Notes and Questions	618	(1)
Pre-Goldberg Due Process Decisions by the Supreme Court	619	(1)
The Evolution of the New Due Process: The Definition of Interests Entitled to Procedural Protection	620	(1)
Goldberg v. Kelly	620	(6)
Notes and Questions	626	(1)
Board of Regents of State College v. Roth	626	(4)
Perry v. Sindermann	630	(2)
Notes and Questions: Roth and Sindermann	632	(1)
Note: §1983 Due Process Litigation	633	(1)
Arnett v. Kennedy	634	(2)
Questions	636	(1)
Subsequent Judicial Evolution of ``Property'' and ``Liberty''	637	(1)
Goss v. Lopez	637	(1)
Bishop v. Wood	637	(1)
Paul v. Davis	638	(1)
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill	638	(1)
Meachum v. Fano	639	(1)
Vitek v. Jones	640	(1)
Board of Pardons v. Allen	640	(1)
Kentucky Department of Corrections v. Thompson	640	(1)
Sandin v. Conner	640	(1)
American Manufacturers v. Sullivan	641	(1)
Notes and Questions	642	(3)
Note on the Procedural Implications of Changes in Federal Welfare Law	645	(1)
Problem	646	(1)
Determining What Process Is Due	647	(1)
Introduction	647	(1)
Notes and Questions	648	(1)
The Mathews v. Eldridge Balancing Test	649	(1)
Mathews v. Eldridge	649	(3)
Goss v. Lopez	652	(1)
University of Missouri v. Horowitz	653	(1)
Schweiker v. McClure	653	(1)
Gray Panthers v. Schweiker	653	(1)
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill	654	(1)
Winegar v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	655	(1)
Gilbert v. Homar	655	(1)
Walters v. National Association of Radiation Survivors	655	(2)
Penobscot v. Federal Aviation Administration	657	(1)
Notes and Questions	657	(4)
Postdeprivation Remedies as a Substitute for Predeprivation Agency Hearings	661	(1)
Ingraham v. Wright	662	(1)
Lujan v. G&G Fire Sprinklers, Inc.	663	(1)
Club Misty v. Laski	663	(1)
Notes and Questions	664	(2)
The Regulatory Context	666	(1)
Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc.	666	(2)
Notes and Questions	668	(1)
Problems	669	(2)
The Impact of Due Process Hearings and Alternative Systems of Bureaucratic Control	671	(1)
The Impact of Hearing Requirements	672	(3)
The Goals of Due Process: Hearings and Alternatives	675	(1)
Alternative to Hearings	675	(1)
Objective Rules	675	(2)
Informal Processes	677	(1)
Nonjudicial Reviewing Bodies	678	(2)
``Bureaucratic Rationality''	680	(1)
Public Disclosure of Agency Information and Decisionmaking	681	(12)
The Freedom of Information Act	681	(2)
The Exemptions from Disclosure	683	(1)
The National Security Exemption	683	(1)
The Internal Personnel Rules and Practices Exemption	683	(1)
The Exemption for Documents Governed by Statutes That Specifically Direct Nondisclosure	684	(1)
The Confidential Business Information Exemption	684	(1)
The Exemptions for Privileged Agency Materials	685	(1)
The Personal Privacy Exemption	686	(1)
The Investigatory Records Exemption	686	(1)
The Financial Institution Exemption	687	(1)
The Geological Exploration Exemption	687	(1)
Notes and Questions: FOIA Procedures and Policies	687	(2)
Reverse-FOIA Litigation	689	(1)
The Government in the Sunshine Act	690	(3)
Agency Decisionmaking Structure	693	(54)
The Combination of Functions within a Single Agency	693	(54)
The Federal Trade Commission	694	(8)
Separation of Functions within the Agency Staff	702	(1)
Separation of Functions in Adjudication	702	(1)
Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath	703	(3)
Note: Separation of Functions in APA §554	706	(1)
Problem	707	(1)
Note: The Coverage of §554(d) and the Aftermath of Wong Yang Sung	708	(1)
Separation of Functions in Rulemaking	709	(1)
Hercules Inc. v. EPA	709	(3)
Notes and Questions	712	(1)
The Independence of the Hearing Examiner	713	(2)
Nash v. Bowen	715	(1)
Notes and Questions	716	(2)
Combination of Functions and Bias at the Agency Head Level	718	(1)
Combination of Functions	718	(1)
Withrow v. Larkin	718	(3)
Note: Agency Bias after Withrow v. Larkin	721	(1)
Note: Empirical Testing of Agency Bias	721	(2)
FTC v. Cement Institute	723	(1)
American Cyanamid Co. v. FTC	723	(1)
Cinderella Career & Finishing Schools v. FTC	724	(1)
Association of National Advertisers v. FTC	725	(4)
Questions	729	(1)
Problems	729	(1)
Other Forms of Bias	730	(1)
Gibson v. Berryhill	730	(1)
Note: Don't Overread Gibson	731	(1)
Note: Judicial Disqualification	732	(1)
The ``Rule of Necessity''	733	(1)
Problem	733	(1)
Who Decides?	734	(1)
Morgan v. United States (Morgan!)	734	(2)
Note: The Ash Council Report	736	(2)
Note: Probing the Mental Processes of the Decisionmaker	738	(4)
National Nutritional Foods Association v. FDA	742	(2)
Notes	744	(3)
The Availability and Timing of Judicial Review	747	(198)
Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity	747	(10)
History	748	(1)
Private Law Tort Actions	748	(1)
The Prerogative Writs: England and America	749	(3)
Present Federal Practice: Jurisdiction	752	(1)
Specific Statutory Review	752	(1)
Review under Statutes of General or Special Jurisdiction	753	(1)
Defense to Enforcement or Prosecution	754	(1)
Present Federal Practice: Sovereign Immunity	754	(2)
Present Federal Practice: Venue and Service of Process	756	(1)
Damage Actions against Government and Government Officers	757	(12)
Damage Actions against the Government	759	(1)
Berkovitz v. United States	760	(1)
United States v. Gaubert	761	(1)
Traditional Common Law Tort Actions against Government Officers	761	(3)
``Public Tort'' Actions against Government Officers	764	(1)
§1983 Actions	764	(1)
Bivens Actions	765	(1)
Official Immunity	766	(2)
Notes	768	(1)
Reviewability	769	(44)
The Presumption of Reviewability: Early Law and the New Deal	769	(2)
American School of Magnetic Healing v. McAnnulty	771	(1)
Switchmen's Union v. National Mediation Board	772	(3)
The Modern Presumption --- and Its Sources	775	(1)
Two Key Exceptions, in Brief	776	(1)
Preclusion by Statute	776	(1)
Block v. Community Nutrition Institute	777	(2)
Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians	779	(4)
Notes and Questions	783	(2)
Johnson v. Robison	785	(4)
``Committed to Agency Discretion''	789	(1)
Early Lessons	789	(1)
Modern Learning: No Law to Apply?	790	(1)
``No Law to Apply'': The Modern Era	791	(1)
Heckler v. Chaney	791	(5)
Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance	796	(4)
Webster v. Doe	800	(3)
Note: No Law to Apply --- and Prudence	803	(2)
Note: Judicial Review of Agency Inaction	805	(3)
The Constitutionality of Preclusion of Review	808	(2)
Webster v. Doe	810	(1)
Reviewability at War	811	(1)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	811	(2)
Standing to Secure Judicial Review	813	(74)
Introductory Note	813	(2)
The Federal Law of Standing Prior to Data Processing	815	(1)
Before the APA	815	(1)
Alabama Power Co. v. Ickes	815	(1)
Note	816	(1)
The Chicago Junction Case	816	(1)
FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station	817	(1)
The APA	818	(1)
Note on Flast v. Cohen and Taxpayer Standing to Enforce the Constitution	818	(2)
Note on the Difference between ``Constitutional'' and ``Statutory'' Cases	820	(1)
The Data Processing Revolution and the Birth of ``Injury in Fact''	821	(1)
Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp	821	(2)
Notes and Questions	823	(2)
``Arguably within the Zone''	825	(1)
Clarke v. Securities Industry Association	825	(2)
Air Courier Conference v. American Postal Workers Union	827	(1)
National Credit Union Administration v. First National Bank & Trust Co.	828	(4)
Dismas Charities Inc. v. U.S. Department of Justice	832	(1)
Notes and Questions	833	(2)
What's an Injury, in Fact?	835	(1)
The Law of Injuries Immediately after Data Processing	836	(1)
Sierra Club v. Morton	836	(4)
Note on United States v. SCRAP	840	(1)
Questions	841	(2)
Injuries in Fact Now	843	(1)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	843	(8)
Allen v. Wright	851	(1)
Northeastern Florida Chapter of Associated General Contractors v. Jacksonville	852	(1)
Notes and Questions	853	(2)
Note: Standing to Protect Animals	855	(1)
Nexus, Redressability, and Causation	856	(1)
Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization	856	(2)
Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group	858	(2)
Steel Company v. Citizens for a Better Environment	860	(5)
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.	865	(6)
Questions	871	(3)
Information	874	(1)
Federal Election Commission v. Akins	874	(8)
Note on Procedural Injuries, Information, Article II, and Beneficiaries of Regulatory Statutes	882	(3)
Note on Congressional Standing	885	(1)
Problems	885	(1)
Concluding Note on Standing	886	(1)
The Timing of Review: Ripeness, Finality, and Exhaustion	887	(47)
Ripeness	887	(1)
Ripeness: The Old Learning	888	(1)
Columbia Broadcasting System v. United States	888	(3)
Notes and Questions	891	(1)
Modern Ripeness Doctrine: Abbott Laboratories and Beyond	892	(1)
Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner	892	(5)
Questions	897	(2)
The Relationship between Preenforcement and Postenforcement Judicial Review	899	(1)
NLRB Union v. FLRA	900	(1)
Notes	901	(1)
Statutory Preclusion of Preenforcement Review	902	(2)
National Automatic Laundry & Cleaning Council v. Shultz	904	(1)
Notes and Questions	905	(1)
Reno v. Catholic Social Services	906	(1)
Notes and Questions	907	(1)
A Change in Course for Ripeness?	908	(1)
National Park Hospitality Association v. Department of the Interior	909	(4)
Notes and Questions	913	(1)
Problems	914	(1)
Finality	915	(1)
Note: Special Issues of Reviewability of Articles Involving the President	916	(1)
Exhaustion	917	(1)
The Classical Exhaustion Requirement	917	(1)
Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp.	917	(2)
Notes and Questions: Bethlehem Shipbuilding and Different Versions of the Exhaustion Requirement	919	(1)
Interlocutory Review	920	(1)
FTC v. Standard Oil Co. of California	920	(1)
Notes and Questions	921	(4)
Waiver of Unpresented or Unexhausted Claims	925	(1)
McKart v. United States	926	(2)
Note	928	(2)
Questions	930	(1)
Alternative Judicial and Administrative Remedies	930	(1)
McCarthy v. Madigan	930	(1)
Problems	931	(1)
Judicial Stay of Administrative Action Pending Review or Grants of Interim Relief	932	(2)
Primary Jurisdiction	934	(11)
United States v. Western Pacific R.R.	935	(2)
Notes	937	(1)
Nader v. Allegheny Airlines	938	(3)
Questions	941	(4)
Appendix A: Selected Provisions from the Federal Administrative Procedure Act	945	(22)
Appendix B: Selected Provisions from the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act	967	(8)
Appendix C: Negotiated Rulemaking and Alternative Dispute Resolution Act	975	(12)
Table Correlating Provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act as Presently Codified in 5 U.S.C. and Sections of the Act as Originally Enacted in 1946	987	(2)
Table of Cases	989	(14)
Index	1003