Adult Development and Aging, 2nd Edition

by Marion Perlmutter (Univ. of Michigan); Elizabeth Hall

• ISBN13: 9780471518464
• ISBN10: 0471518468
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1992-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Takes a life-span view of development and a multi-disciplinary approach to adulthood, presenting development and aging at multiple levels: biological, psychological, sociological, anthropological, cultural and historical. Stresses the plasticity and diversity of aging. Promotes an understanding of adult development and of life in an aging society. Intended to develop analytic skills in students by allowing them to interpret age differences.

Table of Contents

Part One Introduction To the Study of Adult Development	1	(52)
The Concepts of Development and Aging	3	(28)
The Human Life Cycle	4	(4)
Stages of Adulthood	5	(1)
Benchmarks of Maturity	5	(2)
Benchmarks of Old Age	7	(1)
The Adult Population	8	(5)
Changes in the Age Structure of the Population	8	(3)
Changes in Adulthood	11	(1)
Changes in the Status of the Old	12	(1)
The Age-Irrelevant Society	13	(1)
Perspectives on Development and Aging	13	(4)
Traditional Perspectives on Development and Aging	14	(1)
Life-Span Perspective on Development and Aging	14	(1)
Extending the Life-Span Perspective	15	(1)
Alternative Assumptions about Aging	16	(1)
Mechanisms of Change in Development and Aging	17	(2)
Processes of Change in Development and Aging	17	(1)
Physical Ontogeny	17	(1)
Environmental Habituation	18	(1)
Cognitive Generativity	18	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: Still Going at the Century Mark	19	(4)
Multiple Influences on Development and Aging	19	(1)
Age-Normative Influences	19	(1)
History-Normative Influences	20	(1)
Nonnormative Influences	21	(2)
Aging: Rigid or Plastic?	23	(3)
Interindividual Differences	23	(1)
Intraindividual Differences	24	(1)
Testing the Limits of Plasticity	25	(1)
Summary	26	(5)
Approaches and Methods in the Study of Adult Development and Aging	31	(22)
Alternative World Views	32	(3)
Mechanistic World View	33	(1)
Organismic World View	34	(1)
Dialectic World View	34	(1)
Perspectives on Development and Aging	35	(6)
The Biological Perspective	36	(1)
The Psychological Perspective	37	(1)
The Sociological Perspective	38	(1)
The Anthropological Perspective	39	(1)
The Historical Perspective	40	(1)
Developmental Designs	41	(4)
Cross-Sectional Design	41	(3)
Longitudinal Design	44	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study	45	(2)
Time-Lag Design	46	(1)
Sequential Design	46	(1)
Research Issues	47	(4)
Selecting A Sample	48	(1)
Selecting A Measure	49	(1)
Reliability	49	(1)
Validity	50	(1)
Summary	51	(2)
Part Two Biological Aspects of Adult Development and Aging	53	(128)
Biological Explanations of Aging	55	(26)
Length of Life	56	(11)
How Did Old Age Evolve	57	(1)
Adaptiveness of Aging	57	(1)
Nonadaptiveness of Aging	58	(1)
Maximum Life Span	58	(1)
Factors that Affect the Length of Life	58	(2)
The Pseudocentenarians	60	(1)
Average Life Span	61	(2)
Genetics of Age	63	(1)
Extending the Life Span	64	(3)
Adulthood in Today's World: A Researcher Becomes His Own Guinea Pig	67
Quality of Life Among the Aged	66	(2)
Typical Aging	68	(4)
Primary Aging	69	(1)
Secondary Aging	69	(2)
Tertiary Aging	71	(1)
Successful Aging	71	(1)
Theories of Aging	72	(6)
Programmed Theories of Aging	72	(1)
Premature Aging	73	(1)
The Hayflick Limit	74	(1)
Programmed Destruction	75	(1)
Wear-And-Tear Theories of Aging	76	(2)
Summary	78	(3)
Biological Changes Across Adulthood	81	(40)
Changes in Appearance	82	(5)
Hair	83	(1)
Skin	84	(2)
Physique	86	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: When Young is Old	87	(1)
Changes in Structure	88	(2)
Bones	88	(1)
Teeth	89	(1)
Changes in the Cardiovascular System	90	(4)
Heart	90	(2)
Arteries	92	(2)
Changes in the Respiratory System	94	(2)
Changes in the Gastrointestinal System	96	(4)
Changes in the Excretory System	100	(1)
Changes in the Endocrine System	100	(4)
Pituitary Function	102	(1)
Adrenal Function	102	(1)
Thyroid Function	103	(1)
Pancreatic Function	103	(1)
Changes in the Immune System	104	(1)
Changes in the Reproductive System	104	(4)
Male Reproductive System	104	(3)
Female Reproductive System	107	(1)
Changes in the Nervous System	108	(8)
Central Nervous System	109	(1)
Changes in Neurons	109	(3)
Brain Activity	112	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	113	(1)
Sleep Patterns	113	(3)
Summary	116	(5)
Physical Health Across Adulthood	121	(34)
Physical Health	122	(9)
Acute Illness	122	(1)
Chronic Illness	123	(1)
Disability	124	(2)
Health Problems of Older Adults	126	(2)
The Process of Dying	128	(1)
Chronic Illness and Medical Technology	128	(1)
The Stages of Death	129	(2)
Life-Style and Health	131	(11)
The Effect of Cohort-Related Factors of Health	132	(1)
Nutrition and Health	133	(1)
Disease and the Typical Diet	133	(2)
Nutrition and Aging	135	(1)
Smoking	136	(2)
The Two-Edged Effects of Alcohol	138	(1)
Exercise	139	(3)
Adulthood in Today's World: Taking Charge of Health	142	(1)
Stress and Coping	143	(4)
Stress	144	(1)
Stress and Health	144	(1)
The Importance of Control	144	(1)
Stress in Context	145	(1)
Stress Across Adulthood	146	(1)
Coping with Stress	147	(1)
Environment	148	(3)
Summary	151	(4)
Mental Health Across Adulthood	155	(26)
Organic Brain Disorders	156	(8)
Acute Brain Dysfunction	157	(1)
Chronic Brain Dysfunction	158	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease	159	(3)
Multi-Infarct Dementia	162	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	163	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: Don Nelson, Parkinson's Patient	164	(2)
Dementia and the Family	165	(1)
Psychotic Disorders	166	(2)
Schizophrenia	166	(1)
Delusional Disorders	167	(1)
Other Functional Disorders	168	(8)
Depression	168	(3)
Suicide	171	(2)
Hypochondriasis	173	(1)
Alcoholism	174	(2)
Mental Health Services	176	(2)
Summary	178	(3)
Part Three Psychological Aspects of Adult Development and Aging	181	(130)
Sensation and Perception Across Adulthood	183	(28)
Sensory Aging	184	(2)
Vision	186	(6)
Changes in the Visual System	186	(1)
Structural Changes That Affect Vision	186	(2)
Changes in Visual Processes	188	(1)
Visual Disorders	189	(1)
Implications for Visual Processing	190	(1)
Implications for Daily Life	191	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: The Aging Driver	192	(1)
Hearing	193	(7)
Changes in the Auditory System	193	(2)
Auditory Disorders	195	(2)
Implications for Auditory Processing	197	(1)
Implications for Daily Life	198	(2)
Smell and Taste	200	(4)
Changes in the Sense of Smell	200	(2)
Changes in the Sense of Taste	202	(1)
Implications for Nutrition	202	(2)
Touch and Pain	204	(3)
Changes in the Somesthetic System	204	(1)
Changes in the Perception of Pain	205	(2)
Summary	207	(4)
Learning and Memory Across Adulthood	211	(32)
Information Processing	212	(3)
Explaining the Decline	213	(2)
Learning Across Adulthood	215	(4)
Conditioning Across Adulthood	215	(2)
Verbal Learning	217	(1)
Skills Learning	218	(1)
Attention	219	(2)
Memory Across Adulthood	221	(7)
Short-Term Memory	222	(1)
Long-Term Memory	223	(2)
Memory Strategies	225	(2)
Metamemory	227	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: B. F. Skinner Outwits an Aging Memory	228	(2)
Influences on Performance	230	(9)
Task Factors	230	(1)
Pacing	230	(1)
Interference	231	(1)
Person Factors	231	(1)
Physical Health	232	(1)
Mental Health	233	(1)
Nutrition	234	(1)
Alcohol	234	(1)
Drugs	234	(1)
Motivation	235	(1)
Cautiousness	236	(1)
Psychosocial Factors	236	(1)
Expertise	236	(1)
Personal Environments	237	(1)
Social Structure	237	(1)
Ecological Validity	238	(1)
Summary	239	(4)
Intelligence, Creativity, and Wisdom Across Adulthood	243	(32)
Nature of Intelligence	244	(9)
Historical Views of Intelligence	246	(1)
Recent Models of Intelligence	247	(1)
The Organismic View of Intelligence: Piaget	248	(1)
An Integrated View of Intelligence: The Three-Tier System	249	(1)
Processing	250	(1)
Knowing	250	(1)
Thinking	251	(2)
Psychometric Intelligence	253	(2)
The Role of Intelligence Tests	253	(2)
Adulthood in Today's World: How Much Does IQ Help at the Racetrack?	255	(10)
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies	256	(4)
Cohort Differences	260	(1)
Sex Differences	261	(1)
Does Terminal Drop Account for Age-Related Declines?	262	(1)
Reversing the Decline	262	(3)
Creativity	265	(3)
Aspects of Creativity	265	(1)
The Course of Creativity	266	(1)
Creative Style: Is There a Late Style?	267	(1)
Wisdom	268	(3)
Implicit Theories of Wisdom	269	(1)
Cognitive Theories of Wisdom	270	(1)
Integrative Theories of Wisdom	270	(1)
Summary	271	(4)
Personality and Motivation Across Adulthood	275	(36)
The Nature of Personality	276	(8)
Personality Traits	278	(2)
Personality States	280	(2)
Self-Concept	282	(2)
Stability in Personality	284	(3)
Change in Personality	287	(15)
Contextual Theories of Change	288	(1)
Structural Theories of Change	289	(1)
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory	290	(6)
Levinson's Seasons of Life	296	(3)
Gould's Transformations	299	(3)
Adulthood in Today's World: Is There a Midlife Crisis?	302	(7)
Jung's Quest for an Integrated Personality	301	(1)
Gender Differences in Personality	301	(3)
Sex-Related Traits	304	(2)
Toward Androgyny	306	(3)
Summary	309	(2)
Part Four Sociological Aspects of Adult Development and Aging	311	(183)
Relationships Within Generations	313	(36)
Mates and Marriage	314	(9)
Choosing a Mate	315	(3)
Marriage	318	(1)
Marital Roles	318	(2)
Sexuality in Marriage	320	(1)
Marital Satisfaction	321	(2)
Adulthood in Today's World: Marriage and Memory	323	(18)
Divorce	324	(3)
Remarriage	327	(2)
Widowhood	329	(1)
The Bereavement Process	330	(2)
The Experience of Widowhood	332	(2)
Alternative Life-Styles	334	(1)
Cohabitation	334	(2)
Homosexual Relationships	336	(2)
Singlehood	338	(3)
Siblings	341	(1)
Friends	342	(3)
The Nature of Adult Friendship	342	(2)
Gender Differences in Friendship	344	(1)
Summary	345	(4)
Relationships Between Generations	349	(32)
The Family as a System	350	(3)
Parenthood	353	(13)
Pregnancy and Childbirth	354	(2)
Children and Marriage	356	(3)
Working Parents	359	(3)
Single Parents	362	(1)
Stepparents	363	(1)
The Empty Nest	364	(2)
Grandparenthood and Great-Grandparenthood	366	(5)
Patterns of Grandparenthood	367	(1)
Satisfaction with Grandparenthood	368	(3)
Relations with Aging Parents	371	(1)
Today's Family in Perspective	371	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: Are Children Abusing Their Parents?	372	(5)
Intergenerational Support	373	(1)
Intergenerational Assistance	374	(3)
Summary	377	(4)
Occupational Patterns Across Adulthood	381	(30)
Choosing an Occupation	382	(5)
Purposes of Work	383	(1)
Process of Selection	384	(3)
Occupational Development	387	(5)
The Stages of an Orderly Career	387	(2)
How Occupations Affect Development	389	(1)
Satisfaction with Work	390	(2)
Male Occupational Patterns	392	(2)
How Orderly is the Male Career?	392	(2)
Predicting Career Success	394	(1)
Female Occupational Patterns	394	(5)
The Female Career	395	(3)
The Problem of Pay	398	(1)
Retirement	399	(7)
The Problems of the Aging Worker	401	(2)
The Retirement Decision	403	(1)
Adjusting to Retirement	404	(2)
Adulthood in Today's World: Jobs for Older Workers	406	(2)
Summary	408	(3)
Leisure and Community Involvement Across Adulthood	411	(24)
Leisure Across Adulthood	412	(5)
Objectives of Leisure	413	(2)
Similarity and Change in Leisure Across Adulthood	415	(2)
Education	417	(4)
The Return to School	417	(1)
Education in Later Adulthood	418	(3)
Religious Involvement Across Adulthood	421	(3)
Political Involvement Across Adulthood	424	(6)
Political Attitudes	424	(2)
Political Participation	426	(3)
Politics of Aging	429	(1)
Adulthood in Today's World: The Wrinkled Radical	430	(2)
Politics of Intergenerational Equity	431	(1)
Summary	432	(3)
Social Issues and Social Support Across Adulthood	435	(32)
Legal Issues Concerning Age	436	(4)
Economic Distribution	440	(7)
Income Patterns Across Adulthood	440	(3)
Consumption Patterns Across Adulthood	443	(1)
Economics of Retirement	444	(3)
Housing	447	(6)
Mobility Across Adulthood	447	(1)
Mobility and Housing in Young and Middle Adulthood	447	(2)
Mobility and Housing Among Older Adults	449	(2)
Age Segregation in Housing	451	(2)
Adulthood in Today's World: Upscale Congregate Care	453	(3)
Institutionalization	454	(1)
Impact of Institutionalization	455	(1)
Importance of Control	455	(1)
Special Services	456	(7)
Social Support for Young and Middle-Aged Adults	458	(1)
Social Support for Older Adults	459	(1)
Financial Support for Older Adults	460	(3)
Summary	463	(4)
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Adulthood and Aging	467	(27)
Cultural Views of the Life Cycle	468	(2)
The Mark of Adulthood	468	(1)
The Measure of Age	469	(1)
The Mark of Old Age	470	(1)
Aging in Traditional Societies	470	(2)
The Effect of Industrialization	472	(4)
Aging in Ethnic Groups	476	(6)
Aging and the Family in White Ethnic Groups	476	(3)
Ethnic Minorities	479	(1)
Aging and the Black Family	480	(2)
Adulthood in Today's World: A Black Couple Retires	482	(8)
Aging and the Mexican-American Family	482	(3)
Aging and the Native American Family	485	(1)
Aging and the Asian-American Family	486	(1)
The Question of Double Jeopardy	487	(3)
Community Services for Ethnic Minorities	490	(1)
Summary	491	(3)
Glossary	494	(9)
References	503	(48)
Photo Credits	551	(2)
Permission Source Notes	553	(2)
Author Index	555	(14)
Subject Index	569