Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control

by Wang, Lawrence K.; Pereira, Norman C.; Hung, Yung-Tse

• ISBN13: 9781588293596
• ISBN10: 1588293599
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-11-20
• Publisher: Humana Pr Inc

Summary

Leading pollution control educators and practicing professionals describe how various combinations of different cutting-edge process systems can be arranged to solve air, noise, and thermal pollution problems. Each chapter discusses in detail a variety of process combinations, along with technical and economic evaluations, and presents explanations of the principles behind the designs, as well as numerous variant designs useful to practicing engineers. The emphasis throughout is on developing the necessary engineering solutions from fundamental principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The authors also include extensive references, cost data, design methods, guidance on the installation and operation of various air pollution control process equipment and systems, and Best Available Technologies (BAT) for air thermal and noise pollution control.

Author Biography

James P. Chambers, PhD: National Center for Physical Acoustics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS Chein-Chi Chang, PhD, PE: District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC Jiann-Long Chen, PhD, PE: Department of Civil, Architectural, Agricultural, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC Wei-Yin Chen, PhD: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS James E. Eldridge, MS, ME: Lantec Product, Agoura Hills, CA Ali Gokmen, PhD: Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Inci G. Gokmen, PhD: Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Thomas C. Ho, PhD: Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX Yung-Tse Hung, PhD, PE, DEE: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH Paul Jensen: BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA Robert L. Kane, MS: Office of Fossil Energy, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC Daniel E. Klein, MBA: Twenty-First Strategies, LLC, McLean, VA Kathleen Hung Li, MS: NEC Business Network Solutions, Inc., Irving, TX L. Yu Lin, PhD: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Christian Brothers University, Memphis, TN Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, DrEng: Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand Masaaki Okubo, PhD: Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan Norman C. Pereira, PhD (Retired): Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO Jerry R. Taricska, PhD, PE: Environmental Engineering Department, Hole Montes, Inc., Naples, FL Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE: Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY, Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA, and Kofta Engineering Corp., Lenox, MA Clint Williford, PhD: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS Zucheng Wu, PhD: Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Toshiaki Yamamoto, PhD: Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan James T. Yeh, PhD: National Energy Technology Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, PA Ruihong Zhang, PhD: Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, CA

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xvii
Atmospheric Modeling and Dispersion	1	(34)
Lawrence K. Wang
Chein-Chi Chang
Air Quality Management	1	(3)
Air Quality Indices	4	(12)
US EPA Air Quality Index	4	(1)
The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI)	5	(1)
Extreme Value Index (EVI)	6	(2)
Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI)	8	(1)
Allowable Emission Rates	9	(1)
Effective Stack Height	10	(1)
Examples	11	(5)
Dispersion of Airborne Effluents	16	(19)
Wind Speed Correction	16	(1)
Wind Direction Standard Deviations	17	(1)
Plume Standard Deviations	17	(1)
Effective Stack Height	17	(1)
Maximum Ground-Level Concentration	18	(1)
Steady-State Dispersion Model (Crosswind Pollutant Concentrations)	19	(1)
Centerline Pollutant Concentrations	19	(1)
Short-Term Pollutant Concentrations	20	(1)
Long-Term Pollutant Concentrations	20	(1)
Stability and Environmental Conditions	21	(2)
Air Dispersion Applications	23	(6)
Nomenclature	29	(4)
References	33	(2)
Desulfurization and Emissions Control	35	(62)
Lawrence K. Wang
Clint Williford
Wei-Yin Chen
Introduction	35	(2)
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions	36	(1)
SOx Emissions Control Technologies	36	(1)
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Pollution	37	(1)
Acid Rain	37	(1)
Public Health Effects	38	(1)
Materials Deterioration	38	(1)
Visibility Restriction	38	(1)
US Air Quality Act and SOx Emission Control Plan	38	(2)
Desulfurization Through Coal Cleaning	40	(5)
Conventional Coal Cleaning Technologies	40	(1)
Advanced Coal Cleaning Technologies	41	(3)
Innovative Hydrothermal Desulfurization for Coal Cleaning	44	(1)
Desulfurization Through Vehicular Fuel Cleaning	45	(1)
Desulfurization Through Coal Liquefaction, Gasification, and Pyrolysis	46	(4)
Coal Gasification	46	(2)
Coal Liquefaction	48	(1)
Pyrolysis	49	(1)
Desulfurization Through Coal-Limestone Combustion	50	(2)
Fluidized-Bed Combustion	50	(1)
Lime--Coal Pellets	51	(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction by Emerging Technologies	52	(2)
Innovative Wet Scrubbing Using a Nontoxic Chelated Iron Catalyst	52	(1)
Conventional Wet Scrubbing Using Alkaline and Oxidative Scrubbing Solution	53	(1)
Scavenger Adsorption	53	(1)
Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gasifier Synthesis Gas	54	(1)
Biological Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide	54	(1)
``Wet'' Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Lime and Limestone	54	(22)
FGD Process Description	55	(1)
FGD Process Chemistry	55	(3)
FGD Process Design and Operation Considerations	58	(4)
FGD Process Modifications and Additives	62	(2)
Technologies for Smelters	64	(1)
FGD Process Design Configurations	65	(9)
FGD Process O&M Practices	74	(2)
Emerging ``Wet'' Sulfur Oxide Reduction Technologies	76	(3)
Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Process	77	(1)
CT-121 FGD Process	77	(1)
Milliken Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Project	78	(1)
Emerging ``Dry'' Sulfur Oxides Reduction Technologies and Others	79	(3)
Dry Scrubbing Using Lime or Sodium Carbonate	79	(1)
Limb and Coolside Technologies	79	(1)
Integration of Processes for Combined SOx and NOx Reduction	80	(1)
Gas Suspension Absorbent Process	81	(1)
Specialized Processes for Smelter Emissions: Advanced Calcium Silicate Injection Technology	82	(1)
Practical Examples	82	(9)
Summary	91	(6)
Nomenclature	92	(1)
References	92	(5)
Carbon Sequestration	97	(16)
Robert L. Kane
Daniel E. Klein
Introduction	97	(3)
General Description	97	(1)
Carbon Sequestration Process Description	98	(2)
Development of a Carbon Sequestration Road Map	100	(1)
Terrestrial Sequestration	101	(1)
CO2 Separation and Capture	102	(3)
Geologic Sequestration Options	105	(2)
Ocean Sequestration	107	(1)
Chemical and Biological Fixation and Reuse	108	(2)
Concluding Thoughts	110	(3)
Nomenclature	110	(1)
Acknowledgment	110	(1)
References	110	(3)
Control of NOx During Stationary Combustion	113	(14)
James T. Yeh
Wei-Yin Chen
Introduction	113	(1)
The 1990 Clean Air Act	114	(1)
NOx Control Technologies	115	(6)
In-Furnace NOx Control	115	(4)
Postcombustion NOx Control	119	(1)
Hybrid Control Systems	120	(1)
Simultaneous SO2 and NOx Control	120	(1)
Results of Recent Demonstratiort Plants on NOx Control	121	(2)
Future Regulation Considerations	123	(1)
Future Technology Developments in Multipollutant Control	123	(4)
References	124	(3)
Control of Heavy Metals in Emission Streams	127	(24)
L. Yu Lin
Thomas C. Ho
Introduction	127	(1)
Principle and Theory	128	(11)
Reactions in the Incinerator	128	(4)
Control of Metal Emissions	132	(7)
Control Device of Heavy Metals	139	(6)
Gravity Settling Chamber	139	(1)
Cyclone	140	(1)
Electrostatic Precipitator	140	(1)
Quench	140	(1)
Scrubber	141	(1)
Fabric Filters	141	(1)
Vitrification	141	(1)
Solidification	142	(1)
Chemical Stabilization and Fixation	142	(1)
Extraction	143	(1)
Fluidized-Bed Metal Capture	143	(2)
Metal Emission Control Examples	145	(6)
Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration	145	(1)
Asphalt-Treatment Plants	145	(2)
Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operation at Low-to-Moderate Temperature	147	(1)
Nomenclature	148	(1)
References	148	(3)
Ventilation and Air Conditioning	151	(86)
Zucheng Wu
Lawrence K. Wang
Air Ventilation and Circulation	151	(6)
General Discussion	151	(2)
Typical Applications	153	(4)
Ventilation Requirements	157	(3)
Rate of Air Change	158	(1)
Rate of Minimum Air Velocity	159	(1)
Volumetric Airflow Rate per Unit Floor Area	159	(1)
Heat Removal	160	(1)
Ventilation Fans	160	(7)
Type	160	(3)
Fan Laws	163	(3)
Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Limit	166	(1)
Hood and Duct Design	167	(19)
Theoretical Considerations	167	(4)
Hoods for Cold Processes	171	(3)
Hoods for Hot Processes	174	(6)
Ducts	180	(6)
Air Conditioning	186	(7)
General Discussion and Considerations	186	(4)
Typical Applications	190	(3)
Design Examples	193	(13)
Health Concern and Indoor Pollution Control	206	(4)
Health Effects and Standards	206	(1)
Indoor Air Quality	207	(2)
Pollution Control in Future Air Conditioned Environments	209	(1)
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning	210	(27)
Energy and Ventilation	210	(3)
HVAC Recent Approach	213	(4)
HVAC and Indoor Air Quality Control	217	(2)
Nomenclature	219	(1)
Acknowledgments	220	(1)
References	221	(2)
Appendix A: Recommended Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances	223	(6)
Appendix B: Tentative Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances	229	(1)
Appendix C: Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count	230	(1)
Appendix D: Converting from Round to Rectangular Ductwork	231	(1)
Appendix E: Procedure for Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Level Limit	231	(2)
Appendix F: Method for Determination of Room Attenuation Effect (RAE)	233	(1)
Appendix G: Calculation of a Single-Number Sound-Power Level Adjusted to ``A'' Weighted Network (LwA)	234	(1)
Appendix H: Determination of Composite Sound Level	234	(1)
Appendix I: Noise Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials	235	(2)
Indoor Air Pollution Control	237	(36)
Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
Yung-Tse Hung
Indoor Air Quality: Increasing Public Health Concern	237	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects	238	(15)
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution	238	(2)
Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants	240	(13)
Indoor Air Pollution	253	(16)
Identifying Indoor Air Pollution Problems	253	(1)
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality	254	(1)
Mitigation Measures	255	(14)
Regulatory and Nonregulatory Measures for Indoor Air Quality Management	269	(4)
References	271	(2)
Odor Pollution Control	273	(62)
Toshiaki Yamamoto
Masaaki Okubo
Yung-Tse Hung
Ruihong Zhang
Introduction	273	(2)
Sources of Odors	273	(1)
Odor Classification	273	(1)
Regulations	274	(1)
Odor Control Methods	275	(1)
Nonbiological Method	275	(50)
Emission Control	276	(8)
Air Dilution	284	(8)
Odor Modification	292	(3)
Adsorption Method	295	(4)
Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation	299	(5)
Design Example of Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation	304	(3)
Incineration	307	(3)
Nonthermal Plasma Method	310	(8)
Indirect Plasma Method (Ozone or Radicals Injection)	318	(5)
Electrochemical Method	323	(2)
Biological Method	325	(10)
Introduction	325	(1)
Biological Control	326	(1)
Working Principles of Biological Treatment Processes	326	(2)
Design of Biofilters	328	(2)
Nomenclature	330	(1)
References	331	(4)
Radon Pollution Control	335	(24)
Ali Gokmen
Inci G. Gokmen
Yung-Tse Hung
Introduction	335	(5)
Units of Radioactivity	336	(1)
Growth of Radioactive Products in a Decay Series	337	(3)
Instrumental Methods of Radon Measurement	340	(4)
Radon Gas Measurement Methods	340	(3)
Radon Decay Product Measurement Methods	343	(1)
Health Effects of Radon	344	(3)
Radon Mitigation in Domestic Properties	347	(12)
Source Removal	351	(1)
Contaminated Well Water	351	(1)
Building Materials	352	(1)
Types of House and Radon Reduction	352	(4)
References	356	(3)
Cooling of Thermal Discharges	359	(26)
Yung-Tse Hung
James Eldridge
Jerry R. Taricska
Kathleen Hung Li
Introduction	359	(1)
Cooling Ponds	360	(10)
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation (Cooling)	360	(1)
Design of Cooling Ponds	361	(9)
Cooling Towers	370	(15)
Mechanism of Heat Dissipation in Cooling Towers	371	(1)
Types of Towers	371	(1)
Natural Draft Atmospheric Cooling Towers	371	(2)
Natural Draft, Wet Hyperbolic Cooling Towers	373	(3)
Example 1	376	(1)
Hybrid Draft Cooling Towers	376	(1)
Induced (Mechanical) or Forced Draft Wet Cooling Towers	376	(4)
Cooling Tower Performance Problems	380	(1)
Nomenclature	381	(1)
Glossary	382	(1)
Acknowledgment	383	(1)
References	383	(2)
Performance and Costs of Air Pollution Control Technologies	385	(56)
Lawrence K. Wang
Jiann-Long Chen
Yung-Tse Hung
Introduction	385	(1)
Air Emission Sources and Control	385	(1)
Air Pollution Control Devices Selection	386	(1)
Technical Considerations	386	(5)
Point Source VOC Controls	386	(2)
Point Source PM Controls	388	(1)
Area Source VOC and PM Controls	388	(3)
Pressure Drops Across Various APCDs	391	(1)
Energy and Cost Considerations for Minor Point Source Controls	391	(13)
Sizing and Selection of Cyclones, Gas Precoolers, and Gas Preheaters	391	(2)
Sizing and Selection of Fans, Ductworks, Stacks, Dampers, and Hoods	393	(3)
Cyclone Purchase Costs	396	(1)
Fan Purchase Cost	397	(3)
Ductwork Purchase Cost	400	(1)
Stack Purchase Cost	400	(3)
Damper Purchase Cost	403	(1)
Energy and Cost Considerations for Major Point Source Controls	404	(8)
Introduction	404	(1)
Sizing and Selection of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices	404	(1)
Purchased Equipment Costs of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices	404	(8)
Energy and Cost Considerations for Area Source Controls	412	(5)
Introduction	412	(2)
Cover Cost	414	(1)
Foam Cost	415	(1)
Wind Screen Cost	415	(1)
Water Spray Cost	415	(1)
Water Additives Costs	416	(1)
Enclosure Costs	416	(1)
Hood Costs	416	(1)
Operational Control Costs	416	(1)
Capital Costs in Current Dollars	417	(4)
Annualized Operating Costs	421	(7)
Introduction	421	(1)
Direct Operating Costs	421	(5)
Indirect Operating Costs	426	(2)
Cost Adjustments and Considerations	428	(3)
Calculation of Current and Future Costs	428	(1)
Cost Locality Factors	428	(1)
Energy Conversion and Representative Heat Values	429	(1)
Construction Costs, O&M Costs, Replacement Costs, and Salvage Values	430	(1)
Practice Examples	431	(10)
Nomenclature	436	(2)
References	438	(2)
Appendix: Conversion Factors	440	(1)
Noise Pollution	441	(12)
James P. Chambers
Introduction	441	(1)
Characteristics of Noise	442	(1)
Standards	443	(2)
Sources	445	(1)
Effects	446	(1)
Measurement	446	(4)
Control	450	(3)
References	452	(1)
Noise Control	453	(58)
James P. Chambers
Paul Jensen
Introduction	453	(1)
The Physics of Sound	454	(8)
Sound	454	(1)
Speed of Sound	454	(1)
Sound Pressure	455	(1)
Frequency	456	(1)
Wavelength	456	(2)
rms Sound Pressure	458	(1)
Sound Level Meter	458	(1)
Sound Pressure Level	458	(1)
Loudness	459	(2)
Sound Power Level	461	(1)
Sound Energy Density	461	(1)
Indoor Sound	462	(9)
Introduction	462	(2)
Sound Buildup and Sound Decay	464	(3)
Diffuse Sound Field	467	(1)
Reverberation Time	468	(1)
Optimum Reverberation Time	469	(1)
Energy Density and Reverberation Time	469	(1)
Relationship Between Direct and Reflected Sound	470	(1)
Sound Out-of-Doors	471	(2)
Sound Propagation	471	(1)
Wind and Temperature Gradients	471	(1)
Barriers	472	(1)
Noise Reduction	473	(7)
Absorptive Materials	473	(6)
Nonacoustical Parameters of Absorptive Materials	479	(1)
Absorption Coefficients	480	(1)
Sound Isolation	480	(8)
Introduction	480	(1)
Transmission Loss	481	(5)
Noise Reduction	486	(1)
Noise Isolation Class (NIC)	487	(1)
Vibrations	488	(3)
Introduction	488	(1)
Vibration Isolation	489	(2)
Active Noise Control	491	(1)
Design Examples	491	(20)
Indoor Situation	491	(4)
Outdoor Situation	495	(8)
Glossary	503	(4)
Nomenclature	507	(1)
References	508	(3)
Index	511