Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics

by Bejan, Adrian

• ISBN13: 9780471677635
• ISBN10: 0471677639
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-08-18
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

* Brilliant, original illustrations, plus hundreds of classic and contemporary references

Author Biography

Adrian Bejan received his B.S. (1971, Honors Course), M.S. (1972, Honors Course), and Ph.D. (1975) degrees in mechanical engineering, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1976 until 1978 he was a Fellow of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, at the University of California, Berkeley.
Adrian Bejan joined the faculty of the University of Colorado as an assistant professor in 1978 and was promoted to associate professor in 1981. Three years later he was appointed full professor with tenure at Duke University. He was awarded the J. A. Jones distinguished professorship in 1989.
Adrian Bejan has pioneered several original methods in thermal sciences and engineering: for example, entropy-generation minimization, scale analysis of convective heat and mass transfer, heatlines and masslines, designed porous media, the intersection of asymptotes method, and the optimal spacings of compact multiscale structures for maximum transport density. He formulated the constructal theory of design in nature in 1996.
Adrian Bejan is ranked among the 100 most-cited authors in all of engineering (all fields, all countries) by the Institute for Scientific Information (www.isihighlycited.com). He is the author of 20 books and 450 journal articles.
He has received 15 honorary doctorates from universities in 10 countries: for example, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) in 2003.
Professor Bejan has been honored by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) with the Edward F. Obert Award (2004), Charles Russ Richards Memorial Award (2001), Worcester Reed Warner Medal (1996), Heat Transfer Memorial Award-Science (1994), James Harry Potter Gold Medal (1990), and the Gustus L. Larson Memorial Award (1988). In 1999, he received the Max Jakob Memorial Award from the ASME and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He was honored with the Ralph Coats Roe Award (2000) by the American Society for Engineering Education.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xix
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION	xxiii
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION	xxvii
SYMBOLS	xxxi
1 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS	1	(43)
1.1 Elements of Thermodynamics Terminology,	1	(3)
1.2 The First Law for Closed Systems,	4	(4)
1.3 Work Transfer,	8	(5)
1.4 Heat Transfer,	13	(4)
1.5 Energy Change,	17	(3)
1.6 The First Law for Open Systems,	20	(6)
1.7 Historical Background,	26	(8)
1.8 The Structured Presentation of the First Law,	34	(3)
1.8.1 Poincaré's Scheme,	34	(2)
1.8.2 Carathéodory's Scheme,	36	(1)
1.8.3 Keenan and Shapiro's Second Scheme,	36	(1)
References,	37	(2)
Problems,	39	(5)
2 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS	44	(57)
2.1 The Second Law for Closed Systems,	44	(16)
2.1.1 Cycle in Contact with One Temperature Reservoir,	46	(1)
2.1.2 Cycle in Contact with Two Temperature Reservoirs,	46	(9)
2.1.3 Cycle in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs,	55	(2)
2.1.4 Process in Contact with Any Number of Temperature Reservoirs,	57	(3)
2.2 The Second Law for Open Systems,	60	(2)
2.3 The Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model,	62	(3)
2.4 The Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum Principles,	65	(5)
2.5 Carathéodory's Two Axioms,	70	(11)
2.5.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Surfaces,	72	(4)
2.5.2 Entropy,	76	(4)
2.5.3 Thermodynamic Temperature,	80	(1)
2.5.4 The Two Parts of the Second Law,	81	(1)
2.6 A Heat Transfer Man's Two Axioms,	81	(7)
2.7 Historical Background,	88	(1)
References,	89	(2)
Problems,	91	(10)
3 ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION	101	(44)
3.1 Lost Available Work,	102	(7)
3.2 Cycles,	109	(7)
3.2.1 Heat-Engine Cycles,	109	(2)
3.2.2 Refrigeration Cycles,	111	(3)
3.2.3 Heat-Pump Cycles,	114	(2)
3.3 Nonflow Processes,	116	(4)
3.4 Steady-Flow Processes,	120	(6)
3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation or Exergy Destruction,	126	(8)
3.5.1 Heat Transfer across a Finite Temperature Difference,	126	(3)
3.5.2 Flow with Friction,	129	(2)
3.5.3 Mixing,	131	(3)
3.6 Entropy-Generation Minimization,	134	(6)
3.6.1 The Method,	134	(1)
3.6.2 Geometric Optimization of a Tree-Shaped Fluid-Flow Network,	135	(3)
3.6.3 Entropy-Generation Number,	138	(2)
References,	140	(2)
Problems,	142	(3)
4 SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS	145	(59)
4.1 Simple System,	145	(1)
4.2 Equilibrium Conditions,	146	(5)
4.3 The Fundamental Relation,	151	(9)
4.3.1 Energy Representation,	152	(1)
4.3.2 Entropy Representation,	153	(1)
4.3.3 Extensive Properties versus Intensive Properties,	154	(1)
4.3.4 The Euler Equation,	155	(1)
4.3.5 The Gibbs–Duhem Relation,	156	(4)
4.4 Legendre Transforms,	160	(9)
4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties,	169	(18)
4.5.1 Maxwell's Relations,	170	(2)
4.5.2 Relations Measured during Special Processes,	172	(9)
4.5.3 Bridgman's Table,	181	(2)
4.5.4 Jacobians in Thermodynamics,	183	(4)
4.6 Partial Molal Properties,	187	(5)
4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures,	192	(3)
4.8 Real Gas Mixtures,	195	(3)
References,	198	(1)
Problems,	199	(5)
5 EXERGY ANALYSIS	204	(21)
5.1 Nonflow Systems,	204	(3)
5.2 Flow Systems,	207	(4)
5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis,	211	(2)
5.4 Air-Conditioning Applications,	213	(7)
5.4.1 Mixtures of Air and Water Vapor,	213	(2)
5.4.2 Total Flow Exergy of Humid Air,	215	(3)
5.4.3 Total Flow Exergy of Liquid Water,	218	(1)
5.4.4 Evaporative Cooling Process,	219	(1)
5.5 Other Aspects of Exergy Analysis,	220	(1)
References,	221	(1)
Problems,	221	(4)
6 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS	225	(66)
6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle in U, H, F, and G Representations,	225	(6)
6.1.1 The Energy Minimum Principle,	226	(1)
6.1.2 The Enthalpy Minimum Principle,	227	(1)
6.1.3 The Helmholtz Free-Energy Minimum Principle,	228	(1)
6.1.4 The Gibbs Free-Energy Minimum Principle,	229	(1)
6.1.5 The Star Diagram,	230	(1)
6.2 The Internal Stability of a Simple System,	231	(6)
6.2.1 Thermal Stability,	231	(2)
6.2.2 Mechanical Stability,	233	(2)
6.2.3 Chemical Stability,	235	(2)
6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States,	237	(12)
6.3.1 The Andrews Diagram and J. Thomson's Theory,	237	(3)
6.3.2 The van der Waals Equation of State,	240	(7)
6.3.3 Maxwell's Equal-Area Rule,	247	(1)
6.3.4 The Clapeyron Relation,	248	(1)
6.4 Phase Diagrams,	249	(12)
6.4.1 The Gibbs Phase Rule,	249	(1)
6.4.2 Single-Component Substances,	250	(4)
6.4.3 Two-Component Mixtures,	254	(7)
6.5 Corresponding States,	261	(22)
6.5.1 Compressibility Factor,	261	(6)
6.5.2 Analytical P(v, T) Equations of State,	267	(6)
6.5.3 Calculation of Other Properties Based on P(v, T) and Specific Heat Information,	273	(2)
6.5.4 Saturated-Liquid and Saturated-Vapor States,	275	(3)
6.5.5 Metastable States,	278	(3)
6.5.6 Critical-Point Phenomena,	281	(2)
References,	283	(2)
Problems,	285	(6)
7 CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS	291	(61)
7.1 Equilibrium,	291	(17)
7.1.1 Chemical Reactions,	291	(3)
7.1.2 Affinity,	294	(3)
7.1.3 The Le Chatelier–Braun Principle,	297	(4)
7.1.4 Ideal Gas Mixtures,	301	(7)
7.2 Irreversible Reactions,	308	(9)
7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion,	317	(22)
7.3.1 Combustion Stoichiometry,	317	(2)
7.3.2 The First Law,	319	(6)
7.3.3 The Second Law,	325	(3)
7.3.4 Maximum Power Output,	328	(11)
7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels,	339	(4)
7.5 Constant-Volume Combustion,	343	(3)
7.5.1 The First Law,	343	(2)
7.5.2 The Second Law,	345	(1)
7.5.3 Maximum Work Output,	345	(1)
References,	346	(2)
Problems,	348	(4)
8 POWER GENERATION	352	(67)
8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint,	352	(4)
8.2 Maximum Power from Hot Stream,	356	(7)
8.3 External Irreversibilities,	363	(6)
8.4 Internal Irreversibilities,	369	(6)
8.4.1 Heater,	369	(1)
8.4.2 Expander,	370	(1)
8.4.3 Cooler,	371	(1)
8.4.4 Pump,	372	(1)
8.4.5 Relative Importance of Internal Irreversibilities,	373	(2)
8.5 Advanced Steam-Turbine Power Plants,	375	(15)
8.5.1 Superheater, Reheater, and Partial Condenser Vacuum,	375	(2)
8.5.2 Regenerative Feed Heating,	377	(8)
8.5.3 Combined Feed Heating and Reheating,	385	(5)
8.6 Advanced Gas-Turbine Power Plants,	390	(10)
8.6.1 External and Internal Irreversibilities,	390	(4)
8.6.2 Regenerative Heat Exchanger, Reheaters, and Intercoolers,	394	(3)
8.6.3 Cooled Turbines,	397	(3)
8.7 Combined Steam-Turbine and Gas-Turbine Power Plants,	400	(3)
References,	403	(3)
Problems,	406	(13)
9 SOLAR POWER	419	(74)
9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation,	419	(7)
9.1.1 Photons,	420	(1)
9.1.2 Temperature,	421	(1)
9.1.3 Energy,	422	(3)
9.1.4 Pressure,	425	(1)
9.1.5 Entropy,	425	(1)
9.2 Reversible Processes,	426	(4)
9.2.1 Reversible and Adiabatic Expansion or Compression,	429	(1)
9.2.2 Reversible and Isothermal Expansion or Compression,	429	(1)
9.2.3 Carnot Cycle,	429	(1)
9.3 Irreversible Processes,	430	(10)
9.3.1 Adiabatic Free Expansion,	430	(1)
9.3.2 Transformation of Monochromatic Radiation into Blackbody Radiation,	431	(2)
9.3.3 Scattering,	433	(2)
9.3.4 Net Radiative Heat Transfer,	435	(3)
9.3.5 Kirchhoff's Law,	438	(2)
9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation,	440	(11)
9.4.1 Petela's Theory,	440	(3)
9.4.2 The Controversy,	443	(1)
9.4.3 Unifying Theory,	443	(5)
9.4.4 Reformulation of Jeter's Theory,	448	(3)
9.5 Maximization of Power Output per Unit Collector Area,	451	(7)
9.5.1 Ideal Concentrators,	451	(4)
9.5.2 Omnicolor Series of Ideal Concentrators,	455	(1)
9.5.3 Unconcentrated Solar Radiation,	456	(2)
9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors,	458	(11)
9.6.1 Linear Convective-Heat-Loss Model,	459	(2)
9.6.2 Effect of Collector–Engine Heat-Exchanger Irreversibility,	461	(1)
9.6.3 Combined Convective and Radiative Heat Loss,	462	(2)
9.6.4 Collector-Ambient Heat Loss and Engine-Ambient Heat Exchanger,	464	(2)
9.6.5 Storage by Melting,	466	(3)
9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant,	469	(3)
9.8 Nonisothermal Collectors, Time-Varying Conditions, and Solar-Driven Refrigerators,	472	(1)
9.9 Global Circulation and Climate,	472	(12)
References,	484	(4)
Problems,	488	(5)
10 REFRIGERATION	493	(81)
10.1 Joule–Thomson Expansion,	493	(7)
10.2 Work-Producing Expansion,	500	(2)
10.3 Brayton Cycle,	502	(7)
10.4 Optimal Intermediate Cooling,	509	(16)
10.4.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger,	509	(3)
10.4.2 Application to Bioheat Transfer,	512	(1)
10.4.3 Distribution of Expanders,	512	(5)
10.4.4 Insulation Systems,	517	(8)
10.5 Liquefaction,	525	(9)
10.5.1 Liquefiers versus Refrigerators,	525	(3)
10.5.2 Heylandt Nitrogen Liquefier,	528	(4)
10.5.3 Efficiency of Liquefiers and Refrigerators,	532	(2)
10.6 Refrigerator Models with Heat Transfer Irreversibilities,	534	(16)
10.6.1 Heat Leak in Parallel with a Reversible Compartment,	534	(3)
10.6.2 Optimal Time-Dependent Operation,	537	(4)
10.6.3 Distribution of Cooling during Gas Compression,	541	(9)
10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration,	550	(11)
10.7.1 Fundamental Relations,	552	(3)
10.7.2 Adiabatic Demagnetization,	555	(1)
10.7.3 Paramagnetic Thermometry,	556	(3)
10.7.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics,	559	(2)
References,	561	(3)
Problems,	564	(10)
11 ENTROPY-GENERATION MINIMIZATION	574	(82)
11.1 Trade-off between Competing Irreversibilities,	574	(13)
11.1.1 Internal Flow and Heat Transfer,	574	(5)
11.1.2 Heat Transfer Augmentation,	579	(2)
11.1.3 External Flow and Heat Transfer,	581	(3)
11.1.4 Convective Heat Transfer in General,	584	(3)
11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers,	587	(8)
11.2.1 The Ideal Limit,	587	(4)
11.2.2 Area Constraint,	591	(2)
11.2.3 Volume Constraint,	593	(2)
11.2.4 Combined Area and Volume Constraint,	595	(1)
11.3 Heat Exchangers with Negligible Pressure-Drop Irreversibility,	595	(9)
11.3.1 The Maximum Entropy-Generation Rate Paradox,	596	(2)
11.3.2 The Principle of Thermodynamic Isolation,	598	(2)
11.3.3 Remanent (Flow-Imbalance) Irreversibilities,	600	(3)
11.3.4 The Structure of Heat-Exchanger Irreversibility,	603	(1)
11.4 Storage Systems,	604	(16)
11.4.1 Sensible-Heat Storage: Energy Storage versus Exergy Storage,	604	(1)
11.4.2 Optimal Storage Time Interval,	605	(3)
11.4.3 Optimal Heat-Exchanger Size,	608	(1)
11.4.4 Storage Followed by Removal of Exergy,	609	(4)
11.4.5 Heating and Cooling Subject to Time Constraint,	613	(3)
11.4.6 Latent Heat Storage,	616	(4)
11.5 Power Maximization or Entropy-Generation Minimization,	620	(14)
11.5.1 Heat-Transfer-Irreversible Power Plant Models,	621	(2)
11.5.2 Minimum Entropy-Generation Rate,	623	(4)
11.5.3 Fluid Flow Systems,	627	(4)
11.5.4 Electrical Machines,	631	(3)
11.6 From Entropy-Generation Minimization to Constructal Theory,	634	(8)
11.6.1 Generation of Configuration Phenomenon,	634	(3)
11.6.2 Optimal Organ Size,	637	(5)
References,	642	(7)
Problems,	649	(7)
12 IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS	656	(49)
12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces,	657	(5)
12.2 Linearized Relations,	662	(1)
12.3 Reciprocity Relations,	663	(2)
12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena,	665	(17)
12.4.1 Formulations,	665	(5)
12.4.2 The Peltier Effect,	670	(2)
12.4.3 The Seebeck Effect,	672	(1)
12.4.4 The Thomson Effect,	673	(2)
12.4.5 Power Generation,	675	(5)
12.4.6 Refrigeration,	680	(2)
12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media,	682	(11)
12.5.1 Formulation in Two Dimensions,	683	(2)
12.5.2 Principal Directions and Conductivities,	685	(4)
12.5.3 The Concentrated-Heat-Source Experiment,	689	(1)
12.5.4 Three-Dimensional Conduction,	690	(3)
12.6 Mass Diffusion,	693	(6)
12.6.1 Nonisothermal Diffusion of a Single Component,	693	(2)
12.6.2 Nonisothermal Binary Mixtures,	695	(3)
12.6.3 Isothermal Diffusion,	698	(1)
12.6.4 Electrodiffusion,	699	(1)
References,	699	(2)
Problems,	701	(4)
13 THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW OF CONFIGURATION GENERATION	705	(137)
13.1 The Constructal Law,	705	(4)
13.2 The Area-Point Access Problem,	709	(30)
13.2.1 Street Patterns: A Simple Construction Sequence,	709	(12)
13.2.2 Heat Flow Trees,	721	(6)
13.2.3 Constructal Theory versus Fractal Algorithms,	727	(2)
13.2.4 Fluid-Flow Trees,	729	(10)
13.3 Natural Flow Patterns,	739	(35)
13.3.1 River Meanders,	741	(1)
13.3.2 River Basins and Deltas,	742	(5)
13.3.3 Electric Discharges,	747	(2)
13.3.4 Rivers of People,	749	(1)
13.3.5 Channel Cross Sections,	750	(5)
13.3.6 Turbulent Flow,	755	(7)
13.3.7 Cracks in Shrinking Solids,	762	(5)
13.3.8 Dendritic Crystals,	767	(6)
13.3.9 Solid Bodies in Flow,	773	(1)
13.4 Constructal Theory of Distribution of City Sizes, by A. Bejan, S. Lorente, A.F. Miguel, and A.H. Reis,	774	(5)
13.5 Constructal Theory of Distribution of River Sizes, by A. Bejan, S. Lorente, A.F. Miguel, and A.H. Reis,	779	(3)
13.6 Constructal Theory of Egyptian Pyramids and Flow Fossils in General, by A. Bejan and S. Perin,	782	(6)
13.7 The Broad View: Biology, Physics, and Engineering,	788	(17)
13.7.1 Heat Loss versus Body Size,	790	(5)
13.7.2 Flight and Organ Sizes,	795	(4)
13.7.3 Survival by Increasing Freedom, Performance, Svelteness, and Territory,	799	(4)
13.7.4 Modeling Is Not Theory,	803	(2)
13.8 Constructal Theory of Running, Swimming and Flying. by A. Bejan and J.H. Marden,	805	(10)
13.8.1 Running,	807	(4)
13.8.2 Flying,	811	(2)
13.8.3 Swimming,	813	(1)
13.8.4 Locomotion and Turbulent Structure,	814	(1)
13.9 Science and Civilization as Constructal Flow Systems,	815	(1)
13.10 Freedom Is Good for Design,	816	(4)
References,	820	(9)
Problems,	829	(13)
APPENDIX	842	(23)
Constants,	842	(1)
Mathematical Formulas,	842	(2)
Variational Calculus,	844	(1)
Properties of Moderately Compressed-Liquid States,	845	(1)
Properties of Slightly Superheated-Vapor States,	846	(1)
Properties of Cold Water near the Density Maximum,	847	(1)
Analysis of Engineering Components,	848	(3)
The Flow Exergy of Gases at Low Pressures,	851	(2)
Tables,	853	(10)
References,	863	(2)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR	865	(2)
AUTHOR INDEX	867	(8)
SUBJECT INDEX	875