This advanced text addresses system error analysis and performance accountability in a comprehensive and up-to-date manner. Covering a wide range of topics from instrumentation, sensors, and signal conditioning through digital conversion and signal reconstruction, the author employs model-based methods for characterizing the design and analysis of real-time computer I/O systems.Advanced Instrumentation and Computer I/O Design provides an improved understanding of computer interfacing and includes these key features: Accurate data from the analog input circuits through the data conversion devices and output reconstruction components Descriptions of component errors including average filter errors, signal quality errors and the intersample error representation and improvement of sampled-data signals The extension to advanced interfacing and distributed I/O systems such as imaging and digital control This book will be of particular interest to engineers, technologists, and scientists involved in the design, selection, or application of real-time computer I/O and its associated instrumentation for the broad tasks of measurement and control.

PATRICK H. GARRETT,, PhD, P.E., is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, where he has developed courses in manufacturing, controls, and process instrumentation. The author of several internationally adopted textbooks on instrumentation and process control, he continues to be involved in long-term research projects, for both government and private sectors, focused on performance advancement of information-intensive real-time systems. A member of the IEEE, Dr. Garrett has been an American Council on Education reviewer, a White House intern, and visiting scientist at the Air Force Materials & Manufacturing Directorate.

Preface

vii

Sensors, Excitation, and Linearization

1

(29)

Introduction

1

(1)

Basic Principles

2

(2)

Temperature Sensors

4

(4)

Pressure, Flow, and Level Measurement

8

(5)

Motion, Vibration, Force, and Tactile Transducers

13

(4)

Photometry and Image Sensors

17

(3)

Nuclear and Chemical Analyzers

20

(5)

Sensor Linearization

25

(5)

Problems

28

(1)

References

28

(2)

Operational and Instrumentation Amplifiers

30

(33)

Introduction

30

(1)

Device Temperature Characteristics

31

(1)

Differential Amplifiers

32

(4)

Operational Amplifiers

36

(9)

Instrumentation Amplifiers and Error Budgets

45

(11)

Noise in Low-Level Amplification

56

(7)

Problems

60

(2)

References

62

(1)

Filters for Measurement Signals

63

(32)

Introduction

63

(1)

Lowpass Instrumentation Filters

64

(6)

Active Filter Networks

70

(7)

Filter Error Analysis

77

(7)

Bandpass Instrumentation Filters

84

(11)

Problems

91

(2)

References

93

(2)

Analog Signal Acquisition, Conditioning, and Processing

95

(27)

Introduction

95

(1)

Input Grounding, Shielding, and Termination Practice

96

(3)

Signal Conditioning Error Analysis

99

(3)

DC, Sinusoidal, and Harmonic Signal Conditioning

102

(8)

Analog Signal Processing

110

(12)

Problems

119

(2)

References

121

(1)

Devices for Data Conversion

122

(33)

Introduction

122

(1)

Analog Multiplexers

123

(5)

Sample-Holds

128

(4)

Digital-to-Analog Converters

132

(8)

Analog-to-Digital Converters

140

(15)

Problems

153

(1)

References

154

(1)

Sampled Data, Intersample Error, and Interpolation

155

(24)

Introduction

155

(1)

Sampled Data

156

(4)

Aliasing of Signal and Noise

160

(4)

Intersample and Aperture Error

164

(6)

Signal Recovery and Interpolation

170

(9)

Problems

176

(1)

References

177

(2)

Conversion System Design with Computer-Assisted Analysis

179

(39)

Introduction

179

(1)

System Design Considerations

180

(2)

Low Data Rate I/O System

182

(12)

High Data Rate I/O System

194

(9)

Computer-Assisted Interface Analysis Software Description

203

(15)

Problems

215

(1)

References

215

(3)

Advanced Interfacing Systems for Imaging, Digital Control, and Adaptive Performance

218

(18)

Introduction

218

(1)

Wideband Widerange Data Conversion

219

(2)

Digital Image Acquisition

221

(3)

Digital Control Interfacing Considerations

224

(6)

Performance Adaptive Controlled Accuracy Interfacing

230

(6)

Problems

234

(1)

References

234

(2)

Digital Processor Interfacing, Intelligent I/O, and Programming

236

(25)

Introduction

236

(1)

Microcomputer Busses and Digital I/O

237

(8)

Processor Interfacing Methods

245

(6)

Intelligent I/O System

251

(4)

Real-Time Programming Considerations

255

(6)

Problems

260

(1)

References

260

(1)

Distributed Interfacing Systems

261

(24)

Introduction

261

(1)

Distributed I/O Networks

262

(5)

MODEM Data Transmission

267

(5)

System Response Time and Reliability Calculations

272

(5)

Local Area Networks

277

(8)

Problems

282

(1)

References

283

(2)

Index

285

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