Advanced Natural Gas Engineering

by Wang, Xiuli; Economides, Michael

• ISBN13: 9781933762388
• ISBN10: 1933762381
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

This book addresses unique issues and many challenges in the entire food chain of natural gas engineering related to upstream, midstream and downstream. It can serve as a reference book for all engineers in the energy business, a textbook for students in petroleum and chemical engineering curricula and a handbook for training departments of a large group of companies. Book jacket.

Author Biography

Xiuli Wang is the vice president and chief technology officer of XGAS, a natural gas conversions and transportation company in Houston, TX. Prior to that, she was employed by BP for seven years in both technology and business units with roles such as reservoir engineer, completion engineer, lead production engineer and project manager. She is the associate editor-in-chief of the Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, and in 2007, she was named the US Asian-AmericanEngineer of the Year. Michael Economides holds many positions including professor at the University of Houston, managing partner of an industrial consulting firm and editor-in-chief of Energy Tribune. He has written 14 textbooks and more than 200 journal papers and articles and is considered by many to be the premier world expert on Che geopolitics of energy.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Reviews	p. xiii
List of Figures	p. xix
List of Tables	p. xxv
List of Examples	p. xxix
Natural Gas Basics	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Geological Settings	p. 1
Natural Gas Origins and Accumulations	p. 5
Natural Gas Resources	p. 6
Nonassociated Gas	p. 7
Associated Gas	p. 8
Unconventional Gas	p. 8
Natural Gas Composition and PhaseBehavior	p. 9
Dry- and Wet-Gas Phase Behaviors	p. 10
Retrograde-Condensate-Gas PhaseBehavior	p. 10
Associated Gas Phase Behavior	p. 11
Natural Gas Properties	p. 11
Gas Specific Gravity	p. 12
Gas Deviation Factor	p. 14
Gas Density	p. 21
Gas Formation Volume Factor	p. 22
Gas Compressibility	p. 24
Gas Viscosity	p. 25
Useful Correlations	p. 28
Units and Conversions	p. 32
References	p. 33
Unique Issues in Natural Gas Exploration,Drilling, and Well Completion	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Exploration	p. 35
Drilling	p. 41
Natural Gas Well Drilling	p. 42
Drilling Deep Wells	p. 45
Drilling Damage	p. 45
Gas Kick	p. 48
Well Completions	p. 49
Liquid Loading in Gas Wells	p. 50
Casinghead Pressure	p. 54
References	p. 57
Natural Gas Production	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Darcy and non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media	p. 60
Gas Well Inflow under Darcy Flow	p. 62
Steady State and Pseudosteady State Flow	p. 62
Transient Flow	p. 68
Gas Well Inflow under non-Darcy Flow	p. 71
Turbulent Flow in Gas Wells	p. 72
Correlations for Turbulence in Vertical Gas Well	p. 74
Horizontal Gas Well Inflow	p. 75
Hydraulic Fracturing	p. 83
Hydraulic Fracturing Overview	p. 84
The Concept of Dimensionless Productivity Index	p. 85
Unified Fracture Design (UFD)	p. 86
Performance of a Hydraulically FracturedWell with Turbulence	p. 89
Fracturing Horizontal Gas Wells	p. 94
Well Deliverability	p. 99
Forecast of Well Performance and MaterialBalance	p. 105
References	p. 110
Natural Gas Processing	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Natural Gas and Liquid Separation	p. 116
Gravity Separation Mechanism	p. 118
Three-Phase Separator Design	p. 122
Natural Gas Dehydration-Water Removal P151
Water Content Determination	p. 152
Natural Gas Hydrates	p. 156
Adsorption Dehydration	p. 158
Absorption Dehydration	p. 159
Natural Gas Sweetening-Acid Gases Removal	p. 166
References	p. 167
Natural Gas Transportation Pipelines and Compressed Natural Gas	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Pipelines	p. 172
Pipeline Size	p. 174
Compression	p. 179
Marine CNG Transportation	p. 185
CNG Carriers	p. 186
Optimizing Vessel Capacity and Itineraries in CNG Transportation	p. 191
References	p. 207
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
The LNG Process	p. 210
LNG Liquefaction	p. 212
Thermodynamic Analysis of LNG Processes	p. 213
Propane PrecooJed Mixed Refrigerant(PPMRÖ)/C3 MR Process	p. 227
Optimized Cascade LNG Process	p. 227
Single Mixed Refrigerant Loop Proces	p. 228
Mixed Fluid Cascade Process	p. 231
LiquefinÖ Process	p. 231
Dual Mixed Refrigerant (DMR) Process	p. 234
LNG Carriers	p. 235
References	p. 239
Gas-To-Liquids (GTL)	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Why GTL?	p. 244
GTL Processes	p. 245
GTL Based on Direct Conversion of Natural Gas	p. 247
GTL Based on Indirect Conversion of Natural Gas	p. 249
Basics	p. 249
Natural Gas Reforming and Synthesis Gas	p. 251
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis	p. 262
Product upgrading	p. 281
GTL economics and outlook	p. 283
References	p. 284
Appendix-Catalysis(Bartholomew and Farrauto, 200S)	p. 285
Underground Natural Gas Storage	p. 289
Introduction	p. 289
Types of Underground Storage	p. 290
Storage Measures	p. 291
Total Gas Volume and Injected Gas Volume in Storage	p. 293
Losses in Gas Storage	p. 297
Injectivity in Gas Storage Well	p. 300
Discussion	p. 301
References	p. 302
Natural Gas Supply, Alternative Energy Sources, and the Environment	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
The Great Energy Dilemma	p. 304
Advantages of Fossil Fuels	p. 305
Energy Interchangeability versus Inflexibility	p. 306
Regional Gas Supply Potential P308
Alternatives to Natural Gas Fired Electricity	p. 308
Coal	p. 309
Nuclear	p. 310
Wind	p. 310
Solar	p. 312
Fundamentals of Electricity Generation from Alternative Energy Sources	p. 312
Coal	p. 312
Wind	p. 313
Nuclear	p. 315
Solar	p. 317
Economics of Electricity Generation from Different Energy Sources	p. 319
Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy Sources	p. 325
Environmental Impact of Coal	p. 327
Environmental Impact of Nuclear Power Plants	p. 328
Environmental Impact of Wind Turbines	p. 329
Environmental Impact of PV Systems	p. 330
References	p. 330
Nomenclature	p. 333
Index	p. 351
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