Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes

by Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K.

• ISBN13: 9781588293619
• ISBN10: 1588293610
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-08-30
• Publisher: Humana Pr Inc

Summary

Leading pollution control educators and practicing professionals describe how various combinations of different physico-chemical treatment processes can be arranged to solve air, noise, and thermal pollution problems. In Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, the authors discuss strategies for abating pollution by converting it into a less noxious form, using the most feasible technologies. Each chapter discusses in detail a variety of process combinations, along with technical and economic evaluations, and presents explanations of the principles behind the designs, as well as numerous variant designs useful to practicing engineers. The emphasis throughout is on developing the necessary engineering solutions from fundamental principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The authors also include up-to-date references, cost data, design methods, guidance on the installation and operation of various process equipment and systems, and Best Available Technologies (BAT) for water pollution control, wastewater treatment, and water purification.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xix
Potable Water Aeration	1	(46)
Jerry R. Taricska
Lawrence K. Wang
Yung-Tse Hung
Kathleen Hung Li
Introduction	1	(1)
Types of Aeration Process	1	(1)
Applications	2	(4)
Taste and Odor Removal	2	(1)
Iron and Manganese Oxidation	2	(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Removal	3	(1)
Ammonia Removal	4	(1)
Aesthetic or Decorative Aeration	4	(1)
Reservoir De-stratification and Oxygenation of Water	4	(1)
Dissolved Air Flotation for Flocculation/Flotation	5	(1)
Trihalomethanes Removal	5	(1)
Volatile Organics Removal	5	(1)
Hazardous Waste Cleanup	5	(1)
Radionuclides Removal	6	(1)
Unit Processes for Organic Contaminant Removal	6	(27)
Packed Column Aeration	10	(10)
System Design Considerations	20	(4)
Additional System Design Considerations	24	(2)
PTA Pilot Testing for VOC Removal	26	(3)
Other Types of Tower	29	(4)
Diffused Aeration	33	(2)
Design Criteria	34	(1)
Mechanical Aeration	35	(1)
System Performance	35	(1)
System Costs	36	(4)
Case Study of Packed Tower Aeration	40	(7)
Scottsdale, AZ	40	(1)
Naples, FL	40	(4)
Nomenclature	44	(1)
References	44	(3)
Air Stripping	47	(34)
Ju-Chang Huang
Chii Shang
Introduction	47	(1)
Henry's Law and the Mass-Transfer Coefficient	48	(1)
Analytical Requirements for an Air-Stripping Program	49	(1)
Features and Designs	50	(5)
Features of the Countercurrent Air Stripper	50	(1)
Air-Stripper Design Parameters	50	(4)
Packing Material	54	(1)
Pilot Studies	55	(3)
Ammonia Stripping	58	(11)
Water Quality Problems	69	(1)
Off-Gas Emissions	70	(1)
Capital and Operational Cost Analysis	71	(3)
Minimizing Power Costs	71	(1)
Comparisons of Capital and Operational Costs	72	(2)
Recent Advancements	74	(1)
Conclusions	75	(6)
Nomenclature	77	(1)
References	78	(3)
Adsorptive Bubble Separation and Dispersed Air Flotation	81	(42)
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	81	(4)
General Description	81	(1)
Adsorptive Bubble Separation	82	(3)
Bubble Separation Process Descriptions and Definitions Based on the Techniques Used for Bubble Generation	85	(3)
Dissolved Air Flotation	85	(1)
Dispersed Air Flotation	85	(1)
Vacuum Flotation	85	(2)
Electrolytic Flotation	87	(1)
Biological Flotation	87	(1)
Deep-Shaft Flotation	88	(1)
Bubble Separation Process Descriptions and Definitions According to the Techniques Used for Solids Separation	88	(5)
Foam Separation	88	(3)
Nonfoaming Adsorptive Bubble Separation	91	(2)
Bubble Separation Process Descriptions and Definitions According to the Operational Modes	93	(1)
Continuous Adsorption Bubble Separation	93	(1)
Sequencing Batch Reactor Adsorptive Bubble Separation	93	(1)
Surface Adsorption	93	(3)
Bubble Phenomena	96	(1)
Multiphase Flow	97	(1)
Material Balances	98	(2)
Foam Separation by Dispersed Air Flotation Cell	100	(5)
Chemical Reagents for Adsorptive Bubble Separation	105	(1)
Laboratory Foam Separation Tests	106	(1)
Sequencing Batch Reactor Foam Separation	106	(1)
Continuous Foam Separation	106	(1)
Engineering Applications	107	(5)
De-inking Process for Waste Paper Purification and Recycle	107	(3)
Flotation Process for Calcium Carbonate Recovery from Water Treatment Sludges	110	(2)
Analytical Methods Available for Process Monitoring	112	(1)
Glossary	112	(11)
Nomenclature	114	(2)
References	116	(7)
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption	123	(32)
Yung-Tse Hung
Howard H. Lo
Lawrence K. Wang
Jerry R. Taricska
Kathleen Hung Li
Introduction	123	(2)
Properties of Activated Carbon	125	(2)
Adsorption Isotherm Models	127	(4)
Design Consideration of PAC Systems	131	(2)
Design Considerations	131	(2)
Laboratory Procedures for Batch Adsorption Study	133	(1)
Regeneration	133	(1)
Factors Affecting Performance	134	(2)
Variables for the Combined Activated Carbon--Activated Sludge Process	134	(1)
Factors Affecting Adsorption	135	(1)
Performance and Case Studies	136	(2)
Economics of Powdered Activated Carbon System	138	(1)
Design Examples	138	(17)
Example 1 (Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms Constants)	138	(4)
Example 2 (Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption Tests)	142	(4)
Example 3 (Design and Applications of Physicochemical PAC Process Systems)	146	(2)
Example 4 (Design and Applications of Combined Biological and Physicochemical PAC Process Systems)	148	(2)
Nomenclature	150	(1)
References	151	(4)
Diatomaceous Earth Precoat Filtration	155	(36)
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	155	(1)
Process Description	156	(7)
Diatomaceous Earth	156	(1)
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration and Filter Aid	156	(7)
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration System Design	163	(1)
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration System Operation	163	(5)
Precoating Operation	163	(1)
Filtration Operation	164	(3)
Filter Cake Removal	167	(1)
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration System Maintenance	168	(1)
Types of Precoat Filters	169	(7)
Plate and Frame Filters	169	(1)
Tubular Filters	170	(1)
Vertical Tank--Vertical Leaf Filters	170	(1)
Horizontal Tank--Vertical Leaf (``H'' Style) Filters	171	(1)
Rotating Leaf Filters	171	(2)
Horizontal Leaf Filters	173	(1)
Specialty Filters	173	(1)
Vacuum Leaf Filters	173	(1)
Rotary Vacuum Precoat Filters	174	(2)
Auxiliary Parts and Equipment	176	(2)
Precoat Filter Leaves	176	(1)
Filter Feed Pumps	177	(1)
Precoat and Body Feed Tanks	177	(1)
Body Feed Systems	177	(1)
Automation Equipment	178	(1)
Bulk Filter Aid Handling	178	(1)
Precoat Filtration Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages	179	(4)
Municipal and Military Applications	179	(1)
Industrial Applications	180	(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages	182	(1)
Summary	183	(1)
Glossary of Diatomaceous Earth Filtration (Precoat Filtration)	184	(7)
Acknowledgments	187	(1)
References	188	(3)
Tertiary Microscreening	191	(12)
Nazih K. Shammas
Chein-Chi Chang
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	191	(1)
Microscreening Process	192	(1)
Design Criteria	192	(3)
Backwashing	195	(1)
Design of Microscreens	196	(1)
Input Data	196	(1)
Design Parameters	196	(1)
Design Procedure	196	(1)
Output Data	197	(1)
Energy and Costs	197	(1)
Design Example	197	(6)
Nomenclature	200	(1)
References	200	(2)
Appendix	202	(1)
Membrane Filtration	203	(58)
J. Paul Chen
Honghui Mou
Lawrence K. Wang
Takeshi Matsuura
Introduction	203	(1)
Membrane and Membrane-Separation Processes for Water Treatment	204	(12)
Basics of Membrane and Membrane-Separation Systems	204	(1)
Membrane-Separation Processes for Water Treatment	205	(8)
Case Studies on Membrane Applications in Water Treatment	213	(3)
Membrane Materials: Preparation and Modification	216	(4)
Membrane Materials	216	(1)
Types of Membrane and Their Formation	216	(4)
Membrane Characterization	220	(1)
Porous Membrane	220	(1)
Nonporous Membrane	220	(1)
Mass Transport in Membranes	221	(7)
The Solution--Diffusion Model	222	(4)
The Pore Model	226	(2)
Membrane Module and Process Design	228	(14)
Introduction	228	(1)
Typical Membrane Modules	228	(4)
Design Considerations	232	(4)
Engineering Design	236	(4)
Membrane Testing	240	(1)
Economics of Membrane Processes	241	(1)
Membrane Fouling and Prevention	242	(1)
Mechanisms	242	(2)
Feed Pretreatment	244
Membrane Fouling and Prevention	242	(6)
Mechanisms	242	(2)
Feed Pretreatment	244	(4)
Membrane Cleaning and Flux Restoration	248	(4)
Chemical Cleaning Methods	248	(3)
Physical Cleaning Methods	251	(1)
Summary	252	(9)
Acknowledgment	252	(1)
Abbreviations	252	(1)
Nomenclature	253	(2)
References	255	(6)
Ion Exchange	261	(32)
J. Paul Chen
Lei Yang
Wun-Jern Ng
Lawrence K. Wang
Sook-Leng Thong
Introduction	261	(2)
Characterization of Ion Exchangers	263	(8)
Physical Properties	263	(2)
Chemical Properties	265	(6)
Ion-Exchange Calculations	271	(8)
Equilibrium	272	(5)
Kinetics	277	(1)
Fixed-Bed Operation	278	(1)
Applications	279	(10)
Water Softening	280	(1)
Deionization nd High-Quality Water Supply	281	(2)
Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals	283	(1)
Removal of Nitrogen	284	(1)
Removal of Phosphorous	285	(1)
Organic-Chemical Removal	286	(3)
Operations	289	(4)
Nomenclature	289	(1)
References	290	(3)
Fluoridation and Defluoridation	293	(24)
Jerry R. Taricska
Lawrence K. Wang
Yung-Tse Hung
Kathleen Hung Li
Introduction	293	(3)
Natural Fluoridation	296	(2)
Controlled Fluoridation	298	(1)
Dry Feeders	299	(6)
Example of Dry Feeders	300	(1)
Checking Particle Size	300	(1)
Example of Sieve Analysis	301	(1)
Feeding System	301	(1)
Meters	302	(1)
Auxiliary Equipment	302	(3)
Saturators	305	(5)
Downflow Saturators	306	(3)
Upflow Saturators	309	(1)
Common Operational Problems in Preparation of Fluoride Solution	310	(1)
Calculations Involving Solutions	311	(3)
Example 1	311	(1)
Example 2	311	(1)
Example 3	312	(1)
Example 4	313	(1)
Defluoridation	314	(3)
References	314	(3)
Ultraviolet Radiation for Disinfection	317	(50)
J. Paul Chen
Lei Yang
Lawrence K. Wang
Beiping Zhang
Introduction	317	(4)
Historical Background and Technology Development	317	(3)
UV Radiation Process Description	320	(1)
Pathogens in the Environment	321	(1)
Disinfection Mechanisms	322	(6)
Chemistry of DNA and RNA	323	(1)
Physical Properties of UV Light	324	(1)
Inactivation of Pathogens	325	(2)
Reactivation of Pathogens	327	(1)
Mathematical Description of UV Disinfection Process	328	(4)
UV Dose	328	(2)
Effect of UV Dose on Pathogen Inactivation	330	(2)
Collimated Beam Test	332	(4)
Design of UV Unit for Aqueous-Phase Disinfection	336	(5)
Empirical Design Approach	336	(3)
Probabilistic Design Approach	339	(1)
Model-Based Design Approach	339	(1)
Professional Engineering Design Approach	340	(1)
Applications of UV Unit for Aqueous-Phase Disinfection	341	(7)
Water Treatment	343	(4)
Wastewater Treatment	347	(1)
Environmental Protection	348	(1)
Operation and Maintenance of UV System in Aqueous Environments	348	(6)
UV Lamps	348	(4)
Operational Factors	352	(1)
Maintenance Factors	353	(1)
UV Disinfection By-Products and UV Lamp Disposal	354	(1)
UV Disinfection of Air Emissions	355	(2)
UV Engineering Case History and Applications	357	(10)
Engineering Case History	357	(1)
UV Engineering Applications	358	(3)
Nomenclature	361	(1)
References	362	(5)
Water Chloridation and Chloramination	367	(36)
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	367	(2)
Chlorine	368	(1)
Monochloramine	368	(1)
Potable Water Chlorination	369	(14)
Surface Water Treatment Rules	369	(1)
Potable Water Chlorination Process Description	370	(3)
Design and Operation Considerations	373	(1)
Process Equipment and Control	374	(5)
Design Example	379	(4)
Potable Water Chloramination	383	(4)
Potable Water Chloramination Process Description	383	(1)
Design and Operation Considerations	384	(1)
Process Equipment and Control	385	(1)
Application Examples	386	(1)
Controlling Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water	387	(16)
Strategies for Controlling Disinfection By-Products	387	(1)
Using Alternative Disinfectants	388	(2)
Minimizing Precursor Concentrations	390	(1)
References	390	(3)
Appendix A: Summary of Corrosion Indices	393	(1)
Appendix B1-B6: CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia and Viruses by Free Chlorine	394	(6)
Appendix C: CT Values for Inactivation of Viruses by Free Chlorine	400	(1)
Appendix D: CT Values for Inactivation of Giardia Cysts by Chloramine, pH 6-9	400	(1)
Appendix E: CT Values for Inactivation of Viruses by Chloramine	400	(1)
Appendix F: On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation System	401	(2)
Waste Chlorination and Stabilization	403	(38)
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	403	(2)
Process Introduction	403	(1)
Glossary	404	(1)
Wastewater Chlorination	405	(13)
Process Description	405	(1)
Design and Operation Considerations	406	(3)
Process Equipment and Control	409	(6)
Design Example---Design of a Wastewater Chlorine Contact Chamber	415	(1)
Application Example---Coxsackie Sewage Treatment Plant, Coxsackie, NY, USA	416	(2)
Sludge Chlorination and Stabilization	418	(15)
Process Description	418	(1)
Design and Operation Considerations	419	(2)
Process Equipment and Control	421	(4)
Application Example---Coxsackie Sewage Treatment Plant, Coxsackie, NY, USA	425	(8)
Septic Chlorination and Stabilization	433	(3)
Process Description	433	(1)
Design and Operation Considerations	434	(1)
Process Equipment and Control	435	(1)
Design Criteria	436	(1)
Safety Considerations of Chlorination Processes	436	(5)
Nomenclature	438	(1)
Acknowledgments	438	(1)
References	438	(3)
Dechlorination	441	(22)
Rajagopalan Ganesh
Lawrence Y. C. Leong
Maria W. Tikkanen
Gregory J. Peterka
Background	441	(1)
Chlorination of Potable Waters	441	(1)
Release of Chlorinated Water and Concerns	442	(1)
Dechlorination of Water Releases	442	(12)
Non-chemical Methods for Chlorine Dissipation	443	(3)
Dechlorination Using Chemicals	446	(8)
Field Dechlorination Studies	454	(9)
Background	454	(1)
Field Dechlorination Tests at Tacoma Waters	454	(3)
Field Dechlorination Studies at Bureau of Water Works, Portland	457	(1)
Dechlorination Field Studies at EBMUD	458	(2)
Summary of Field Dechlorination Studies	460	(1)
Acknowledgments	461	(1)
References	461	(2)
Advanced Oxidation Processes	463	(20)
M. B. Ray
J. Paul Chen
Lawrence K. Wang
Simo Olavi Pehkonen
Introduction	463	(1)
Mechanisms and Theory	464	(4)
Chemical Oxidation	464	(1)
Radiation Methods	465	(2)
Combination Processes	467	(1)
Reaction Kinetics	468	(1)
Intermediates and By-Products	469	(1)
Process Parameters	469	(2)
Characteristics of Wastewater	469	(1)
Operating Conditions	470	(1)
Reactor Design	471	(5)
Reactor Models	471	(2)
Light Source	473	(1)
Reactor Configurations	473	(2)
Commercial Applications	475	(1)
Cost and Energy Efficiency of AOP	475	(1)
Limitations and Challenges of AOP	476	(1)
Recent R&D	476	(1)
Summary	477	(6)
Nomenclature	478	(1)
References	479	(4)
Chemical Reduction/Oxidation	483	(38)
Lawrence K. Wang
Yan Li
Chemical Reduction	483	(7)
Process Description	483	(1)
Chemical Reduction Process Chemistry	484	(2)
Process Applications	486	(1)
Chemical Reduction Design Considerations	487	(1)
Design and Application Examples	488	(2)
Chemical Oxidation	490	(11)
Process Description	490	(1)
Process Chemicals	491	(2)
Process Applications	493	(1)
Chemical Oxidation Design Considerations	494	(1)
Design and Application Examples	495	(6)
Recent Developments	501	(20)
Liquid-Phase Chemical/Reduction System for Site Remediation	501	(1)
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process for Site Remediation	502	(3)
References	505	(4)
Appendices
Appendix A1: Chemical Reduction and Clarification Used in Metal Finishing Industry	509	(1)
Appendix A2: Chemical Reduction and Filtration Used in Metal Finishing Industry	510	(1)
Appendix B: Chemical Reduction and Clarification Used in Aluminum Forming Industry	511	(1)
Appendix C: Chemical Reduction and Filtration Used in Inorganic Chemical Industry	512	(1)
Appendix D1: Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination) Used in Inorganic Chemical Industry (Sodium Bisulfite Manufacturing Industry)	513	(1)
Appendix D2: Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination) Used in Inorganic Chemical Industry (Hydrogen Cyanide Manufacturing Industry)	514	(1)
Appendix E1: Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination) Used in Ore Mining and Dressing Industry (Lead/Zinc Industry)	515	(1)
Appendix E2: Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination) Used in Ore Mining and Dressing Industry (Ferroalloy Industry)	516	(1)
Appendix F: Chemical Oxidation (Chlorination) Used in Organic and Inorganic Wastes	517	(1)
Appendix G: Chemical Oxidation (Ozonation) Used in Textile Mills (Woven Fabric Finishing)	518	(1)
Appendix H: Chemical Oxidation (Ozonation) Used in Adhesive and Sealants Industry	519	(2)
Oil Water Separation	521	(28)
Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
Yung-Tse Hung
Lawrence K. Wang
Introduction	521	(2)
Oil Properties	523	(1)
Treatment Technology	524	(13)
Process Selection	524	(1)
Primary Treatment System	525	(5)
Secondary Treatment System	530	(7)
Engineering Design	537	(6)
Gravity Flotation	537	(2)
Coalescing Plate Interceptor (CPI)	539	(1)
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)	540	(1)
Ultrafiltration Membrane	541	(2)
Design Examples and Questions	543	(6)
Example 1	543	(1)
Example 2	543	(1)
Example 3	544	(1)
Nomenclature	545	(1)
References	546	(3)
Evaporation Processes	549	(32)
Lawrence K. Wang
Nazih K. Shammas
Clint Williford
Wei-Yin Chen
Georgios P. Sakellaropoulos
Introduction	549	(2)
Drying and Evaporation Processes	549	(1)
Natural Sludge Evaporation Lagoons and Evaporation Process Reactor	550	(1)
Sludge Evaporation Lagoons (Sludge Drying Lagoons)	551	(5)
Process Description	551	(1)
Process Applications and Limitations	552	(1)
Design Considerations	553	(2)
Costs	555	(1)
Evaporators	556	(7)
Process Description	556	(3)
Process Applications and Limitations	559	(1)
Design Considerations	559	(4)
Design Examples	563	(18)
Example 1	563	(1)
Example 2	564	(1)
Example 3	565	(1)
Example 4	566	(1)
Example 5	566	(1)
Example 6	567	(1)
Example 7	567	(1)
Example 8	567	(3)
Example 9	570	(1)
Example 10	570	(5)
Nomenclature	575	(1)
References	576	(3)
Appendix	579	(2)
Solvent Extraction, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction	581	(34)
Paul Scovazzo
Wei-Yin Chen
Lawrence K. Wang
Nazih K. Shammas
Introduction	581	(1)
General Applications	582	(1)
Process Description	582	(1)
The Extractor or Extraction Step	582	(1)
Solvent Recovery	582	(1)
Technology Status and Reliability	583	(1)
Equipment Types and Modifications	584	(1)
Chemicals Required	584	(1)
Residuals Generated	584	(1)
Applications	584	(1)
Advantages and Limitations	585	(1)
Cost	585	(1)
Design Criteria	586	(9)
Part 1---Equilibrium Conditions	586	(1)
Estimating Korg/w Values	587	(4)
Environmental Factors Affecting Organic Liquid/Water Distribution Coefficients	591	(1)
Part 2---Governing Equations and Relationships	591	(3)
Type 2 Liquid/Liquid Extraction	594	(1)
Leaching	595	(3)
Solubility and Mass-Transfer Factors	595	(2)
Equipment and Applications	597	(1)
Extraction and Destruction of Hazardous Materials by Supercritical Fluids	598	(4)
Principles	599	(2)
Applications	601	(1)
Example Problems	602	(13)
Example 1---Preliminary Design of the Minimum Solvent Flow Rate and Number of Extraction Stages	602	(1)
Example 2---Extraction of Phenol with Caustic Water Recovery	603	(6)
Example 3---Selecting an Extraction Solvent	609	(1)
Example 4---Performance of Solvent Extraction	610	(1)
Nomenclature	611	(2)
References	613	(2)
Appendix: Conversion Factors for Environmental Engineers	615	(64)
Lawrence K. Wang
Constants and Conversion Factors	617	(56)
Basic and Supplementary Units	673	(1)
Derived Units and Quantities	674	(2)
Physical Constants	676	(1)
Properties of Water	677	(1)
Periodic Table of the Elements	678	(1)
Index	679