Advanced Ultrasonic Methods for Material and Structure Inspection

by Kundu, Tribikram; Placko, Dominique

• ISBN13: 9781905209699
• ISBN10: 190520969X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-29
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

Ultrasonic signals are increasingly being used for predicting material behavior, both in an engineering context (detecting anomalies in a variety of structures) and a biological context (examining human bones, body parts and unborn fetuses). Featuring contributions from authors who are specialists in their subject area, this book presents new developments in ultrasonic research in both these areas, including ultrasonic NDE and other areas which go beyond traditional imaging techniques of internal defects. As such, both those in the biological and physical science communities will find this an informative and stimulating read.

Author Biography

Tribikram Kundu is a professor in the department of civil engineering and engineering mechanics at the University of Arizona.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
An Introduction to Failure Mechanisms and Ultrasonic Inspection	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Issues in connecting failure mechanism, NDE and SHM	p. 2
Physics of failure of metals	p. 4
High level classification	p. 4
Deformation	p. 5
Fracture	p. 5
Dynamic fatigue	p. 6
Material loss	p. 7
Second level classification	p. 7
Deformation due to yield	p. 7
Creep deformation and rupture	p. 9
Static fracture	p. 12
Fatigue	p. 13
Corrosion	p. 18
Oxidation	p. 20
Physics of failure of ceramic matrix composites	p. 21
Fracture	p. 23
Mechanical loads and fatigue	p. 23
Thermal gradients	p. 24
Microstructural degradation	p. 25
Material loss	p. 25
Physics of failure and NDE	p. 26
Elastic waves for NDE and SHM	p. 26
Ultrasonic waves used for SHM	p. 26
Bulk waves: longitudinal and shear waves	p. 27
Guided waves: Rayleigh and Lamb waves, bar, plate and cylindrical guided waves	p. 28
Active and passive ultrasonic inspection techniques	p. 30
Transmitter-receiver arrangements for ultrasonic inspection	p. 30
Different types of ultrasonic scanning	p. 31
Guided wave inspection technique	p. 32
One transmitter and one receiver arrangement	p. 32
One transmitter and multiple receivers arrangement	p. 35
Multiple transmitters and multiple receivers arrangement	p. 36
Advanced techniques in ultrasonic NDE/SHM	p. 36
Lazer ultrasonics	p. 36
Measuring material non-linearity	p. 37
Conclusion	p. 38
Bibliography	p. 38
Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Guided (Lamb) wave propagation in plates	p. 46
Lamb waves in thin plates	p. 51
Lamb waves in thick plates	p. 55
Passive ultrasonic monitoring and characterization of low velocity impact damage in composite plates	p. 60
Experimental set-up	p. 60
Impact-acoustic emission test on a cross-ply composite plate	p. 64
Impact test on a stringer stiffened composite panel	p. 71
Autonomous active damage monitoring in composite plates	p. 75
The damage index	p. 76
Applications of the damage index approach	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 85
Bibliography	p. 86
Ultrasonic Measurement of Micro-acoustic Properties of the Biological Soft Materials	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Materials and methods	p. 91
Acoustic microscopy between 100 and 200 MHz	p. 91
Sound speed acoustic microscopy	p. 95
Acoustic microscopy at 1.1 GHz	p. 98
Results	p. 99
Gastric cancer	p. 99
Renal cell carcinoma	p. 103
Myocardial infarction	p. 104
Heart transplantation	p. 106
Atherosclerosis	p. 107
Conclusion	p. 112
Bibliography	p. 112
Corrosion and Erosion Monitoring of Pipes by an Ultrasonic Guided Wave Method	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Ultrasonic guided wave monitoring of average wall thickness in pipes	p. 118
Guided wave inspection with dispersive Lamb-type guided modes	p. 119
Averaging in CGV inspection	p. 123
The influence of gating, true phase angle	p. 129
Temperature influence on CGV guided wave inspection	p. 132
Inversion of the average wall thickness in CGV guided wave inspection	p. 134
Additional miscellaneous effects in CGV guided wave inspection	p. 136
Fluid loading effects on CGV inspection	p. 136
Surface roughness effects on CGV inspection	p. 139
Pipe curvature effects on CGV inspection	p. 141
Experimental validation	p. 145
Laboratory tests	p. 145
Field tests	p. 151
Conclusion	p. 153
Bibliography	p. 155
Modeling of the Ultrasonic Field of Two Transducers Immersed in a Homogenous Fluid Using the Distributed Point Source Method	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Theory	p. 160
Planar transducer modeling by the distribution of point source method	p. 160
Computation of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid using DPSM	p. 161
Matrix formulation	p. 163
Modeling of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid in the presence of a solid scatterer	p. 165
Interaction between two transducers in a homogenous fluid	p. 169
Numerical results and discussion	p. 171
Interaction between two parallel transducers	p. 172
Interaction between an inclined and a flat transducer	p. 184
Interaction between two inclined transducers	p. 185
Conclusion	p. 186
Acknowledgments	p. 186
Bibliography	p. 187
Ultrasonic Scattering in Textured Polycrystalline Materials	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Preliminary elastodynamics	p. 191
Ensemble average response	p. 191
Spatial correlation function	p. 195
Cubic crystallites with orthorhombic texture	p. 197
Orientation distribution function	p. 197
Effective elastic stiffness for rolling texture	p. 199
Christoffel equation	p. 201
Wave velocity and polarization	p. 202
Phase velocity during annealing	p. 207
Attenuation	p. 210
Attenuation in hexagonal polycrystals with texture	p. 215
Effective elastic stiffness for fiber texture	p. 216
Attenuation	p. 220
Numerical simulation	p. 223
Diffuse backscatter in hexagonal polycrystals	p. 229
Conclusion	p. 232
Acknowledgments	p. 233
Bibliography	p. 233
Embedded Ultrasonic NDE with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors	p. 237
Introduction to piezoelectric wafer active sensors	p. 237
Guided-wave ultrasonic NDE and damage identification	p. 240
PWAS ultrasonic transducers	p. 242
Shear layer interaction between PWAS and structure	p. 244
Tuned excitation of Lamb modes with PWAS transducers	p. 246
PWAS phased arrays	p. 249
Electromechanical impedance method for damage identification	p. 255
Damage identification in aging aircraft panels	p. 258
Classification of crack damage in the PWAS near-field	p. 259
Classification of crack damage in the PWAS medium-field	p. 260
Impact detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors	p. 263
Acoustic emission detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors	p. 266
PWAS Rayleigh waves NDE in rail tracks	p. 268
Conclusion	p. 268
Acknowledgments	p. 269
Bibliography	p. 269
Mechanics Aspects of Non-linear Acoustic Signal Modulation due to Crack Damage	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
Passive modulation spectrum	p. 274
Active wave modulation	p. 275
Damage in concrete	p. 275
Stress wave modulation	p. 280
Material non-linearity in concrete	p. 281
Generation of non-linearity at crack interfaces	p. 282
Unbonded planar crack interface in semi-infinite elastic media	p. 289
Unbonded planar crack interface with multiple wave interaction	p. 295
Plane crack with traction	p. 301
Rough crack interface	p. 307
Summary and conclusion	p. 314
Bibliography	p. 315
Non-contact Mechanical Characterization and Testing of Drug Tablets	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Drug tablet testing/or mechanical properties and defects	p. 321
Drug tablet as a composite structure: structure of a typical drug tablet	p. 321
Basic manufacturing techniques: cores and coating layers	p. 322
Tablet coating	p. 323
Types and classifications of defects in tablets	p. 325
Standard tablet testing methods	p. 327
Review of other works	p. 330
Non-contact excitation and detection of vibrational modes of drug tablets	p. 332
Air-coupled excitation via transducers	p. 334
LIP excitation via a pulsed lazer	p. 336
Vibration plate excitation using direct pulsed lazer irradiation	p. 338
Contact ultrasonic measurements	p. 340
Mechanical quality monitoring and characterization	p. 341
Basics of tablet integrity monitoring	p. 341
Mechanical characterization of drug tablet materials	p. 356
Numerical schemes for mechanical property determination	p. 361
Conclusions, comments and discussions	p. 365
Acknowledgments	p. 367
Bibliography	p. 367
Split Hopkinson Bars for Dynamic Structural Testing	p. 371
Introduction	p. 371
Split Hopkinson bars	p. 372
Using bar waves to determine fracture toughness	p. 374
Determination of dynamic biaxial flexural strength	p. 380
Dynamic response of micromachined structures	p. 381
Conclusion	p. 383
Bibliography	p. 384
List of Authors	p. 387
Index	p. 391
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