Contributors | p. xi |
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Related Fuel Oxygenates | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Fuel Oxygenates as Contaminants of Water Sources | p. 3 |
Environmental Fate | p. 4 |
MTBE Biodegradation | p. 5 |
Monitoring Natural Attenuation | p. 11 |
Summary | p. 15 |
References | p. 16 |
Controlled Biomineralization by and Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria | p. 21 |
Introduction | p. 22 |
Features of the Magnetotactic Bacteria | p. 22 |
General features | p. 22 |
Distribution and ecology | p. 23 |
Phylogeny and taxonomy | p. 24 |
Physiology | p. 26 |
The Magnetosome | p. 30 |
Composition of magnetosome crystals | p. 30 |
Size of magnetosome crystals | p. 31 |
Magnetosome crystal morphologies | p. 31 |
Arrangement of magnetosomes within cells | p. 33 |
Biological advantage of magnetotaxis | p. 34 |
Chemical and Molecular Basis of Magnetosome Synthesis | p. 35 |
Genomics of magnetotactic bacteria | p. 36 |
Genetic systems and manipulations in magnetotactic bacteria | p. 37 |
The magnetosome membrane | p. 38 |
Physiological conditions under which magnetite magnetosomes are synthesized | p. 46 |
Regulation of the expression of magnetosome genes | p. 47 |
Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes, and Magnetosome Crystals | p. 48 |
Mass cultivation of magnetotactic bacteria | p. 48 |
Applications of cells of magnetotactic bacteria | p. 49 |
Applications of magnetosomes and magnetosome crystals | p. 50 |
Conclusions and Future Research Directions | p. 52 |
Acknowledgments | p. 52 |
References | p. 52 |
The Distribution and Diversity of Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts | p. 63 |
Introduction | p. 63 |
Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts | p. 64 |
Termite gut structure and metabolism | p. 64 |
Detection of Euryarchaeota in Termite Guts | p. 67 |
Isolated Euryarchaeota from termite guts | p. 67 |
Uncultured Euryarchaeota in lower termite guts | p. 72 |
Uncultured Euryarchaeota in higher termite guts | p. 73 |
Why Are There Different Euryarchaeota in Different Termites? | p. 76 |
Conclusion | p. 77 |
References | p. 77 |
Understanding Microbially Active Biogeochemical Environments | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 82 |
An Introduction to the Molecular Microbial World | p. 83 |
16S approaches | p. 84 |
rRNA and mRNA | p. 85 |
Recent technological advances | p. 86 |
Microorganisms in the Environment | p. 87 |
Microbes and minerals | p. 87 |
Silicate minerals | p. 90 |
Metals | p. 91 |
Extreme Environments | p. 92 |
Microbes in iron- and sulfur-rich environments | p. 93 |
Cave systems | p. 95 |
The deep subsurface | p. 96 |
Radioactive environments | p. 96 |
The Origin of Life on Earth, and Beyond | p. 97 |
Conclusions | p. 98 |
References | p. 98 |
The Scale-Up of Microbial Batch and Fed-Batch Fermentation Processes | p. 105 |
Introduction | p. 106 |
Engineering Considerations Involved in Scale-Up | p. 107 |
Agitator tasks in the bioreactor | p. 107 |
Unaerated power draw P (or mean specific energy dissipation rate [epsilon subscript T] W/kg) | p. 110 |
Aerated power draw P[subscript g] (or aerated ([epsilon subscript T])[subscript g] W/kg) | p. 111 |
Flow close to the agitator-single phase and air-liquid | p. 112 |
Variation in local specific energy dissipation rates, [epsilon subscript T]W/kg | p. 112 |
Air dispersion capability | p. 112 |
Bulk fluid-and air-phase mixing | p. 113 |
Main differences across the scales | p. 114 |
Process Engineering Considerations for Scale-Up | p. 115 |
Fluid mechanical stress or so-called "shear damage" | p. 115 |
Operational constraints at the large scale | p. 119 |
The physiological response of cells to the large-scale environment | p. 122 |
Small-scale experimental simulation models of the large scale | p. 124 |
Results from small-scale experimental trials of large-scale E. coli fed-batch processes | p. 126 |
Conclusions and Future Perspective | p. 132 |
References | p. 133 |
Production of Recombinant Proteins in Bacillus subtilis | p. 137 |
Introduction | p. 138 |
Vector Systems | p. 139 |
Rolling circle-type replication vectors | p. 139 |
Theta-type replication vectors | p. 141 |
Integrative vectors | p. 146 |
Bacteriophage vectors | p. 148 |
Expression Systems | p. 149 |
Promoter systems | p. 149 |
Secretion systems | p. 154 |
Vectors allowing the addition of tags to recombinant proteins | p. 157 |
DNA elements improving the production of recombinant proteins | p. 158 |
Transformation Systems | p. 160 |
Natural competence | p. 160 |
Protoplasts | p. 161 |
Electrotransformation | p. 162 |
Mobilization from E. coli to B. subtilis | p. 162 |
Chromosomal Mutations Enhancing Production of Native Intra- and Extracellular Proteins | p. 163 |
Molecular chaperones | p. 163 |
Cellular factors affecting extracytoplasmic protein folding and degradation | p. 164 |
Chromosomal mutations enhancing the production of recombinant proteins | p. 167 |
Production of Recombinant Proteins in B. subtilis and Other Bacilli | p. 168 |
B. subtilis | p. 168 |
B. brevis | p. 168 |
B. megaterium | p. 169 |
Conclusions | p. 171 |
Acknowledgments | p. 175 |
References | p. 175 |
Quorum Sensing: Fact, Fiction, and Everything in Between | p. 191 |
Preface | p. 192 |
Introduction | p. 193 |
The Basics of Microbial Linguistics | p. 193 |
Autoinducers: The language of prokaryotic communication | p. 193 |
Autoinducers with antimicrobial activity | p. 195 |
Multiple quorum-sensing systems: Integrating the sensory information | p. 198 |
The "Environment Sensing" theory: So much for social engagements of bacterial | p. 200 |
Lost in Translation | p. 202 |
Al-2: The most talked about molecule in the field | p. 202 |
The early years of research: Al-2 goes interspecies | p. 203 |
The pivotal case of EHEC | p. 204 |
The role of luxS in cell physiology: Activated methyl cycle | p. 209 |
Isr operon: The missing link...is still missing | p. 212 |
Multilingual bacteria: Another look at the role of interspecies communication in V. harveyi | p. 215 |
The recent years: Research involving synthetic Al-2 | p. 216 |
Al-2 in foods: A few words about the currently accepted Al-2 detection assay | p. 220 |
Quorum Quenching: All Quiet on the Microbial Front | p. 223 |
Halogenated furanones: The defense system of algae | p. 223 |
AHL lactonases and acylases: Too early to judge | p. 223 |
Quorum quenching: Practical applications | p. 225 |
The available screening procedures for quorum-sensing inhibitors | p. 226 |
The Update | p. 227 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 228 |
Acknowledgments | p. 228 |
References | p. 228 |
Rhizobacteria and Plant Sulfur Supply | p. 235 |
Introduction | p. 236 |
Assimilation of Sulfur by Plants | p. 237 |
Uptake and assimilation of inorganic sulfate | p. 237 |
Amino acids/peptides as a source of plant sulfur | p. 240 |
Plant assimilation of oxidized organosulfur | p. 241 |
Microbial Transformations of Sulfur in Soil and Rhizosphere | p. 242 |
Mineralization and immobilization of soil sulfur | p. 242 |
Transformations of sulfate esters | p. 245 |
Microbial sulfur transformations in nonaerobic soils | p. 246 |
Sulfur transformations by fungi | p. 247 |
Functional Specificity of Bacteria in Soil Sulfur Transformations | p. 248 |
Sulfonate desulfurization by rhizosphere bacteria | p. 249 |
Diversity of desulfonation genes in rhizosphere | p. 250 |
Changes in microbial community with sulfur supply | p. 255 |
Sulfatase genes in rhizosphere | p. 257 |
Influence of mycorrhizal interactions on sulfur supply | p. 258 |
Plant Growth Promotion and the Sulfur Cycle | p. 259 |
Conclusions | p. 261 |
Acknowledgments | p. 261 |
References | p. 262 |
Antibiotics and Resistance Genes: Influencing the Microbial Ecosystem in the Gut | p. 269 |
Introduction | p. 270 |
Antibiotic Use and the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria | p. 270 |
Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Between Bacteria | p. 273 |
Mechanisms of transfer | p. 273 |
Why is the gut a good site for gene transfer | p. 275 |
In vivo demonstrations of resistance gene transfer | p. 276 |
Consequences of Antibiotic Use | p. 277 |
Increased carriage of resistant bacteria and resistance genes and the emergence of bacterial strains carrying multiple resistance genes | p. 277 |
Evolution of novel forms of resistance genes | p. 278 |
Impact of antibiotics on the commensal gut microbiota | p. 280 |
Combination therapy: Antibiotics and pro/prebiotics | p. 281 |
Antibiotics and the early development of the gut microbiota | p. 282 |
Conclusions | p. 283 |
Acknowledgments | p. 284 |
References | p. 284 |
Index | p. 293 |
Contents of Previous Volumes | p. 305 |
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