Advances in Applied Microbiology

by Laskin; Gadd; Sariaslani

• ISBN13: 9780123744296
• ISBN10: 0123744296
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-11-03
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Published since 1959, Advances in Applied Microbiology continues to be one of the most widely read and authoritative review sources in microbiology. The series contains comprehensive reviews of the most current research in applied microbiology. Recent areas covered include bacterial diversity in the human gut, protozoan grazing of freshwater biofilms, metals in yeast fermentation processes and the interpretation of host-pathogen dialogue through microarrays. Eclectic volumes are supplemented by thematic volumes on various topics, including Archaea and sick building syndrome. Impact factor for 2007: 1.821. * Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts * Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field * Reference and guide for scientists and specialists involved in advancements in applied microbiology

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xi
Capsular Polysaccharides in Escherichia coli
Introduction	p. 2
Functions of Bacterial Capsules	p. 2
Capsular Polysaccharides in E. coli	p. 3
E. coli Group 1 Capsules	p. 4
E. coli Group 4 Capsules	p. 6
E. coli Group 3 Capsules	p. 7
E. coli Group 2 capsules	p. 7
Genetics and evolution of E. coli Group 2 capsules	p. 8
Biosynthesis of E. coli Group 2 capsular polysaccharides	p. 10
Export of E. coli Group 2 Polysaccharides	p. 12
Group 2 capsular polysaccharide synthesis and export are linked	p. 14
Regulation of Capsule Expression in E. coli	p. 16
Regulation of the E. coli K30 capsule and expression of colanic acid (Slime) in E. coli K-12 strains	p. 16
Regulation of expression of Group 2 (K5) capsule gene clusters	p. 18
Conclusions	p. 20
References	p. 21
Microbial PAH Degradation
Introduction	p. 27
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	p. 28
Toxicity	p. 28
Sources of PAHs	p. 33
Environmental contamination	p. 33
Degradation of PAHs	p. 34
Pure culture studies	p. 35
Culture-independent analysis	p. 38
Marker genes	p. 45
Bioremediation of PAH Contaminated Environments	p. 50
Factors affecting bioremediation	p. 51
Conclusions	p. 53
References	p. 54
Acid Stress Responses in Listeria monocytogenes
Introduction	p. 68
Listeriosis	p. 68
Acid Tolerance Response (ATR) and Cross Protection	p. 69
Acid Resistance and Listerial Survival in Foods	p. 70
Acid Resistance and L. monocytogenes Pathogenesis	p. 71
Listerial Mechanisms of Acid Resistance	p. 73
GAD system	p. 73
Arginine and agmatine deiminase systems	p. 76
F[subscript 0]F[subscript 1]-ATPase	p. 76
Macromolecular protection and repair	p. 77
Cell membrane changes	p. 78
Sigma B	p. 79
LisRK two-component regulatory system	p. 81
Conclusion	p. 82
References	p. 82
Global Regulators of Transcription in Escherichia coli: Mechanisms of Action and Methods for Study
Introduction	p. 94
An overview of the bacterial multi-subunit RNA polymerase	p. 94
DNA recognition by RNA polymerase	p. 94
Regulation by Transcription Factors	p. 96
An overview of transcription regulators	p. 96
Global transcription factors	p. 96
Regulation of Transcription by Nucleoid-Associated Proteins	p. 99
The nucleoid-associated proteins	p. 99
Mechanisms of transcription regulation by Fis, H-NS, and IHF	p. 99
A Novel Method for Studying Transcription on a Global Scale	p. 101
Overview of chromatin immunoprecipitation	p. 101
Application of ChIP-chip to the study of sequence specific transcription factors	p. 102
Application of ChIP-chip to the study of nucleoid-associated proteins	p. 105
RNA polymerase-omics	p. 106
Protocols for ChIP-chip experiments with E. coli	p. 106
Concluding Remarks	p. 110
References	p. 110
The Role of Sigma B ([sigma superscript B]) in the Stress Adaptations of Listeria monocytogenes: Overlaps Between Stress Adaptation and Virulence
Listeria monocytogenes: An Adaptable Pathogen	p. 116
The Sigma Factors of L. monocytogenes	p. 116
Sigma B ([sigma superscript B])	p. 118
Complex protein-protein interactions control [sigma superscript B] activity	p. 118
Elucidation of the [sigma superscript B] regulon by proteomics and transcriptomics	p. 121
A Central Role for [sigma superscript B] in Adaptation to Stress	p. 122
[sigma superscript B] and osmoregulation	p. 122
[sigma superscript B] and acid resistance	p. 124
[sigma superscript B] is involved in cryotolerance	p. 126
[sigma superscript B] affects piezotolerance	p. 126
Antimicrobial resistance and [sigma superscript B]	p. 127
The role of [sigma superscript B] in resistance to bile	p. 128
Does Competition between Sigma Factors Influence Growth Rate in L. monocytogenes?	p. 128
Role of [sigma superscript B] in Metabolism	p. 129
[sigma superscript B] Plays Important Role in Virulence	p. 130
PrfA and the intracellular stages of infection	p. 130
Early and extracellular stages of infection	p. 131
Conclusions	p. 134
References	p. 135
Protein Secretion and Membrane Insertion Systems in Bacteria and Eukaryotic Organelles
Introduction: Transport Protein Classification	p. 142
The Diversity of Protein Translocases in Bacteria and Eukaryotic Organelles	p. 144
Complex Inner Membrane Secretory Systems in Bacteria	p. 151
Type I (ABC-MFP-OMF-type) protein exporters (Fig. 6.1)	p. 151
General secretory translocases (Sec systems; Fig. 6.2)	p. 152
Type III flagellar and pathogenicity-related systems (Fig. 6.3)	p. 154
Type IV conjugation- and virulence-related (IVSP) systems (Fig. 6.4)	p. 157
The putative type VI symbiosis/virulence secretory systems (TC #9.A.34)	p. 159
Twin arginine translocation (Tat) systems (Fig. 6.5)	p. 160
OMP Translocases of Gram-Negative Bacteria	p. 162
The MTB (Fig. 6.6)	p. 162
FUP systems	p. 164
Autotransporter-1 (AT-1) systems	p. 165
Autotransporter-2 (AT-2) systems	p. 165
The Intimin/Invasin or Autotransporter-3 Systems	p. 166
Two-partner secretion (TPS) systems	p. 167
OMP insertion porins (OmpIP)	p. 170
Protein Translocases of Eukaryotic Organelles	p. 172
MPT complexes (TIM-TOM; TC #3.A.8; Fig. 6.7)	p. 172
The CEPT complex (Tic-Toc; TC #3.A.9; Fig. 6.9)	p. 176
Comparisons and Overview	p. 179
References	p. 183
Metabolic Behavior of Bacterial Biological Control Agents in Soil and Plant Rhizospheres
Introduction	p. 199
Techniques for Studying the Metabolic Behavior of Bacterial Biological Control Agents	p. 201
Impact of Soil Edaphic Factors and Indigenous Microbes on Introduced Microbes in the Soil Environment	p. 202
Plant Influences on Microbial Metabolism in the Soil Environment	p. 204
Conclusion	p. 210
References	p. 210
Copper Homeostasis in Bacteria
Introduction	p. 217
The properties of copper	p. 217
Copper requiring proteins	p. 218
Principles of copper homeostasis	p. 219
Mechanisms of Copper Trafficking and Resistance	p. 220
P[subscript 1B]-type ATPases	p. 222
Copper acquisition	p. 223
Copper detoxification	p. 225
Sensors of elevated copper levels	p. 231
Copper-chaperones	p. 233
Copper and Bacterial Pathogenicity	p. 234
Copper as a Biocide	p. 237
Concluding Remarks	p. 238
References	p. 239
Pathogen Surveillance Through Monitoring of Sewer Systems
Introduction	p. 250
Monitoring for human pathogens in sewage	p. 250
Potential Biological Agents in Sewage	p. 251
Human pathogens secreted in bodily fluids	p. 252
Duration of release and concentration in bodily fluids and skin	p. 254
Concentration of Biological Agents in Sewage	p. 259
Laboratory Methods and Detection	p. 260
Detection of pathogens	p. 260
Survival of pathogens in sewer systems	p. 261
Lessons learned from poliovirus: Monitoring as an early warning system	p. 262
Differentiation of vaccine and virulent strains	p. 263
Conclusions: The Probability of Detection	p. 264
References	p. 266
Index	p. 271
Contents of Previous Volumes	p. 279
Color Plate Section
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