Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics

by Hawkes

• ISBN13: 9780123813183
• ISBN10: 0123813182
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-03-23
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running serials--Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. This series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science and digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains. * Contributions from leading international scholars and industry experts * Discusses hot topic areas and presents current and future research trends * Invaluable reference and guide for physicists, engineers and mathematicians

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Contributors	p. xi
Future Contributions	p. xiii
Principles of Dual-Beam Low-Energy Electron Microscopy	p. 1
Introduction	p. 2
Dual-Beam Approach	p. 4
Electron-Optical Components	p. 10
Magnetic Immersion Objective Lens	p. 10
Magnetic Prism Array	p. 13
Dual-Beam Gun and Illumination Optics	p. 18
Illumination Optics with "Twist" Correction	p. 23
Illumination Optics with a Semitransparent Holey Mirror	p. 33
Experimental Results	p. 39
Semiconductor Substrates	p. 40
Reticle Substrates: Nano-Imprint Lithography Masks	p. 46
Experiments with a Tilted Illumination Beam	p. 47
Magnetic Recording Media	p. 48
Conclusions	p. 51
Acknowledgments	p. 52
References	p. 52
Determination of Adequate Parameters for Connected Morphological Contrast Mappings through Morphological Contrast Measures	p. 55
Introduction	p. 56
Background Definitions	p. 58
Morphological Transformations	p. 58
Connectivity	p. 58
Transformations by Reconstruction	p. 61
Morphological Contrast Mappings	p. 62
Opening and Closing Size Determination	p. 65
Morphological Contrast Measures	p. 67
Morphological Contrast Measure Based on the Difference of Contrast	p. 68
Morphological Contrast Measure Based on image Edge Analysis	p. 75
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Segmentation	p. 78
Opening and Closing Size Determination on MRI Slices	p. 78
Determination of Parameters ¿ and ß on MRI Slices	p. 80
White and Grey Matter in the Frontal Lobe	p. 81
Enhancement of Images in the Presence of Noise	p. 81
Contrast Measure Comparison	p. 84
Conclusion	p. 86
References	p. 86
Fractional Fourier Transforms and Geometrical Optics	p. 89
Introduction	p. 90
The ABCD Ray Transfer Matrix Method	p. 91
Physical Meaning of the ABCD Elements	p. 92
Basic Optical Components and Ray Transfer Matrices	p. 94
Cardinal Elements of the Optical System	p. 96
Lenses and Imaging	p. 99
Self-Focusing Graded Index Ducts	p. 102
Extension to Anamorphic Optical Systems	p. 104
Wave Optics Properties of Geometrical Systems: Fourier Transform Systems	p. 108
Connection between Wave and Ray Optics Formalisms	p. 108
Exact Fourier Transform Optical System	p. 109
Scale of the Optical Fourier Transform	p. 110
Basic Fourier Transform Optical Lens Systems	p. 112
Ray Transfer Matrix Factorizations	p. 113
Anamorphic Optical Fourier Transformers	p. 117
Cascading Multiple Equivalent Systems: The Fractional Fourier Transform	p. 120
Heuristic Concept of the FRFT Optical System	p. 120
Derivation of the Ray Transfer Matrix of an FRFT System	p. 121
Propetries of the FRFT Operation	p. 123
Basic FRFT Optical Systems	p. 126
Symmetrical Lens Systems	p. 127
Inexact Fractional Fourier Transformers	p. 129
Fractional Fourier Transforms and Fresnel Diffraction	p. 130
Cardinal Planes in Fractional Fourier Transform Lens Systems	p. 131
Cardinal Planes in a Lohmann Type I FRFT System	p. 131
Cardinal Planes in a Lohmann Type II FRFT System	p. 132
Some Advanced FRFT Lens Systems	p. 134
FRFT Lens System with Fixed Input and Output Planes	p. 135
FRFT Lens System with Fixed Scaling Factor	p. 138
Anamorphic FRFT Optical Systems	p. 140
Conclusions	p. 143
Acknowledgments	p. 143
References	p. 143
Sparse Image Representation by Directionlets	p. 147
Introduction	p. 148
Asymmetric Wavelet Transforms	p. 152
Fully Separable Decomposition	p. 152
Asymmetric Wavelet Decomposition	p. 155
Directional Wavelet Transforms	p. 157
Discretization of Directions	p. 158
Directional Interaction	p. 159
Lattice-Based Filtering and Subsampling	p. 161
Skewed Wavelet Transforms	p. 163
Polyphase Representation	p. 167
Nonlinear Image Approximation	p. 168
Space-Frequency Quantization with Directionlets	p. 173
Space-Frequency Quantization	p. 174
Spatial Segmentation	p. 177
Compression Algorithm	p. 177
Deblocking	p. 180
Computational Complexity	p. 181
Results	p. 183
Directional Image Interpolation	p. 186
Locally Adaptive Wavelet-Based Interpolation	p. 190
Directional Map	p. 192
Interpolation Algorithm	p. 192
Results	p. 195
Conclusions	p. 197
Proof of Theorem 1	p. 198
Lagrangian Optimization	p. 204
References	p. 205
Advances in Connectivity and Connected Attribute Filters	p. 211
Introduction	p. 212
Definitions	p. 215
Basic Morphological Filters	p. 215
Connected Filters	p. 219
Reconstruction	p. 220
Area Openings	p. 222
Attribute Filters	p. 224
Extensions to Grey Scale	p. 225
Granulometries and Pattern Spectra	p. 229
Shape Operators and Shape Granulometries	p. 231
Set Connections, Partitions, and Operators	p. 234
Set Connectivity	p. 234
Partitions and Partition-Induced Connectivity	p. 236
Second-Generation Connectivity	p. 237
¿-Connections Based on Masks	p. 242
Multiscale Connectivity Analysis	p. 243
Generalizations to Vector Images	p. 249
Binary Partition Tree	p. 249
Using Local Order	p. 251
Global Order Methods	p. 253
Alternatives to Strict Flat Zones	p. 253
Algorithms	p. 254
The Union-Find Approach	p. 254
The Max-Tree Algorithm	p. 257
Other Tree Structures	p. 260
Beyond Connectivity	p. 261
Hyperconnectivity	p. 262
Attribute-Space Connectivity	p. 266
Discussion and Conclusions	p. 268
References	p. 269
Contents of Volumes 151-160	p. 277
Index	p. 281
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