Advances in Parasitology: Opportunistic Protozoa in Humans

by Baker, John R.; Muller, Ralph; Rollinson, David

• ISBN13: 9780120317400
• ISBN10: 0120317400
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-04-01
• Publisher: Academic Pr

Summary

Due to the advent of AIDS, there is currently great interest in opportunistic infections in people with compromised immune systems. This special volume of Advances in Parasitology provides a detailed account ofthe pathogens associated with human enteric diseases, Cryptosporidium parvum, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis . This volume is essential for all parasitologists working on opportunistic protozoa.

Table of Contents

Contributors to Volume 40	v
Preface	vii
PART 1 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM AND RELATED GENERA
Introduction To Cryptosporidium parvum	3	(3)
Natural History and Biology of Cryptosporidium parvum
S. Tzipori
J.K. Griffiths
Introduction	6	(1)
Natural History and Chronology	6	(2)
Life Cycle as Related to Control	8	(2)
Classification and Taxonomy	10	(7)
Risk to Humans from Infected Animals	17	(2)
The Unique Intracellular Niche of Cryptosporidium	19	(9)
Concluding Remarks	28	(10)
References	29	(9)
Human Cryptosporidiosis: Epidemiology, Transmission, Clinical Disease, Treatment, and Diagnosis
J. K. Griffiths
Introduction	38	(1)
Epidemiology	39	(11)
Transmission	50	(5)
Clinical Disease	55	(7)
Treatment	62	(8)
Diagnosis	70	(18)
References	72	(16)
Innate and Cell-mediated Immune Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum
C. M. Theodos
Introduction	88	(1)
Innate Immunity	89	(6)
Cryptosporidium parvum-specific Cell-mediated Immunity	95	(16)
Immunotherapy	111	(2)
Concluding Remarks	113	(9)
References	114	(8)
Antibody-based Immunotherapy of Cryptosporidiosis
J. H. Crabb
Introduction: Rationale for Therapy using Antibodies to Combat Cryptosporidiosis	122	(3)
Practical Considerations for Antibody Therapy	125	(5)
Early Studies of Immunotherapy for Cryptosporidiosis	130	(1)
Laboratory Investigations of Anti-Cryptosporidium Antibodies	131	(7)
Studies in Humans using Antibodies	138	(3)
Future Prospects	141	(11)
References	143	(9)
Cryptosporidium: Molecular Basis of Host--Parasite Interaction
H. Ward
A. M. Cevallos
Introduction	152	(6)
Oocysts and the Molecular Basis of Excystation and Oocyst Wall Formation	153	(5)
Invasive (Zoite) Stages and the Molecular Basis of Attachment, Invasion, and Parasitophorus Vacuole Formation	158	(15)
Intracellular Stages and the Molecular Basis of Stage Differentiation and Parasite Metabolism	173	(4)
Future Perspectives	177	(1)
Concluding Remarks	178	(10)
References	178	(10)
Cryptosporidiosis: Laboratory Investigations and Chemotherapy
S. Tzipori
Introduction	188	(1)
Production of Oocysts for Biomedical Research	188	(2)
Propagation in Cell Culture	190	(5)
Animal Models	195	(10)
New Approaches to Drug Design	205	(3)
Laboratory Investigations on Drugs Presently Used in Humans	208	(4)
Concluding Remarks	212	(12)
References	212	(12)
Genetic Heterogeneity and PCR Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum
G. Widmer
Relevance of Studying Polymorphism in C. parvum	224	(1)
Heterogeneity in Cryptosporidium	225	(8)
PCR Detection of C. parvum	233	(9)
References	236	(6)
Water-borne Cryptosporidiosis: Detection Methods and Treatment Options
C. R. Fricker
J. H. Crabb
Water-borne Outbreaks: A Brief History	242	(5)
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Source Water	247	(2)
Detection of Cryptosporidium in Water	249	(15)
Regulatory Status and Environmental Laws	264	(3)
Water Treatment Options	267	(14)
References	272	(9)
PART 2 ENTEROCYTOZOON BIENEUSI AND OTHER MICROSPORIDIA
Introduction to Microsporidia	281	(3)
Biology of Microsporidian Species Infecting Mammals
E. S. Didier
K. F. Snowden
J. A. Shadduck
Introduction	284	(1)
Morphology	285	(5)
Life Cycle	290	(6)
Taxonomy	296	(7)
Mammalian Host--Parasite Relationships	303	(6)
Summary and Conclusions	309	(13)
References	310	(12)
Clinical Syndromes Associated with Microsporidiosis
D. P. Kotler
J. M. Orenstein
Introduction	322	(1)
Microsporidial Species Causing Intestinal Disease in AIDS	323	(1)
Epidemiology	323	(4)
Pathogenesis of Intestinal Injury	327	(3)
Immune Response to Microsporidia	330	(1)
Clinical Illness	330	(3)
Diagnosis	333	(8)
Treatment	341	(1)
Conclusion	342	(10)
References	343	(9)
Microsporidiosis: Molecular and Diagnostic Aspects
L. M. Weiss
C. R. Vossbrinck
Introduction	352	(1)
Molecular Biology	353	(5)
Phylogeny	358	(11)
Diagnosis	369	(16)
Summary	385	(15)
References	385	(15)
PART 3 CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS AND RELATED SPECIES
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Y. R. Ortega
C. R. Sterling
R. H. Gilman
Introduction	400	(1)
Diagnosis and Purification	401	(3)
Molecular Biology	404	(1)
Life Cycle	405	(1)
Histopathology	406	(2)
Immunology	408	(1)
Clinical Signs of Infection	408	(1)
Treatment	408	(1)
Cyclosporiasis in AIDS Patients	409	(1)
Epidemiology	410	(3)
Pathogenesis	413	(1)
Cyclosporiasis in Peru	413	(1)
The Future	414	(5)
References	414	(5)
Index	419