Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

by Pickard, J. D.; Akalan, N.; DiRocco, C.

• ISBN13: 9783211282533
• ISBN10: 321128253X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-09
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This series, sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, has already become a classic. In general, one volume is published per year. The Advances section presents fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent progress has been made. The Technical Standards section features detailed descriptions of standard procedures to assist young neurosurgeons in their post-graduate training. The contributions are written by experienced clinicians and are reviewed by all members of the Editorial Board.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xiii
Advances
Gene Technology Based Therapies in the Brain.
T. Wirth
S. Yla-Herttuala
Abstract	3	(1)
Introduction to Gene Therapy: The Past, Present and Future	4	(2)
Potential Areas for Gene Therapy in the Brain	6	(6)
Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease	7	(1)
Gene Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease	8	(1)
Gene Therapy for Vascular Brain Diseases	9	(2)
Gene Therapy for Brain Tumours	11	(1)
Challenges of Gene Therapy in the Brain	12	(3)
Gene Transfer Vectors	15	(5)
Viral Gene Transfer Vectors	17	(1)
Retroviruses	17	(1)
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1)	17	(1)
Adenoviruses	18	(1)
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV's)	18	(1)
Non-Viral Vectors	19	(1)
Ethics	20	(1)
Concluding Remarks	21	(1)
Acknowledgement	21	(1)
References	21	(14)
Technical Standards
Anatomy of the Orbit and its Surgical Approach.
G. Hayek
Ph. Mercier
H. D. Fournier
Abstract	35	(1)
Introduction	36	(1)
Anatomy of the Orbit	36	(20)
The Orbital Cavity	36	(2)
The Orbital Fascia or Periorbita	38	(1)
Orbital Contents	39	(1)
Orbital Muscles	40	(2)
The Arteries of the Orbit	42	(5)
Veins of the Orbit	47	(1)
Nerves of the Orbit	48	(7)
Lacrymal Gland	55	(1)
Approach Routes to the Orbit	56	(1)
Incision	56	(1)
The Lateral Approach Route	57	(3)
Osteoplastic Techniques	58	(1)
Non-Osteoplastic Techniques	58	(2)
The Superior Approach Route	60	(3)
The Hybrid Lateral/Superior Route	63	(3)
Discussion	66	(3)
Conclusion	69	(1)
References	69	(5)
Neurosurgical Concepts and Approaches for Orbital Tumours.
J. C. Marchal
T. Civit
Abstract	74	(1)
Introduction, Definition of Subject and Limitations	74	(1)
Historical Perspective	75	(1)
Aetiologies	76	(17)
Generalities	76	(1)
Main Orbital Tumours Occurring in Adulthood	77	(1)
Orbitosphenoidal Meningioma	77	(3)
Optic Sheath Meningioma	80	(1)
Cavernous Haemangioma	80	(1)
Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)	81	(1)
Main Orbital Tumours Occurring in Children	81	(1)
Optic Nerve Glioma (ONG)	81	(3)
Plexiform Neurofibromas	84	(2)
Orbital Vascular Lesions	86	(1)
Primitive Bone Tumours	87	(3)
Sarcomas	90	(2)
Leukaemia and Orbital Lymphoproliferative Disorders	92	(1)
Metastatic Tumours of the Orbit	92	(1)
Epidermoid Cysts (ECs)	93	(1)
Teratoma	93	(1)
Surgical Approaches	93	(20)
The Lateral Intra-Orbital Approach	97	(2)
The Optic Nerve Approach	99	(1)
The Sub Frontal and Intra Conical Approach of the Orbit	99	(4)
Gliomas of the Optic Nerve	103	(2)
Frontopterional Approach of the Orbit	105	(4)
Problems of Orbital Reconstruction	109	(1)
The Orbital Rim	110	(1)
The Orbital Walls	110	(1)
Orbital Dysplasia of the NF1	110	(2)
Surgery in the Case of Fibrous Dysplasia (FD)	112	(1)
Conclusions	113	(1)
Acknowledgements	113	(1)
References	113	(8)
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy in the Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Pediatric Patients.
C. Di Rocco
G. Cinalli
L. Massimi
P. Spennato
E. Cianciulli
G. Tamburrini
Abstract	121	(1)
Historical Background	121	(3)
Ventricular Anatomy	124	(9)
Preoperative Evaluation of Ventricular Anatomy	124	(2)
Neuroendoscopic Ventricular Anatomy	126	(1)
Anatomy of the Frontal Horn of the Lateral Ventricles and of the Foramen of Monro; Key-Points for Endoscopic Orientation	127	(1)
Anatomy and Endoscopic View of the Third Ventricle	127	(2)
Endoscopic Ventricular Anatomy Variations	129	(4)
Modern Neuroendoscopic Instrumentation	133	(28)
Optic Devices	133	(1)
Flexible Fiberscopes	133	(2)
Steerable Fiberscopes	135	(5)
Rigid Fiberscopes	140	(1)
Rigid Rod Lens Endoscopes	141	(4)
The Future: The Videoscope	145	(2)
Camera and Monitor	147	(2)
Illumination	149	(1)
Accessories (Irrigation, Holders)	149	(1)
Neuronavigation and Stereotaxy	150	(2)
Operative Instruments	152	(1)
Floor Perforation	152	(1)
Perforation With the Endoscope Itself	152	(1)
Monopolar or Bipolar Coagulation	152	(2)
Decq Forceps	154	(1)
Laser	155	(2)
Suction-Cutting (Grotenhuis) Device	157	(1)
``Semisharp'' Instruments	157	(1)
Ultrasound Microprobes	157	(1)
Forceps and Scissors	157	(1)
Dilatation of the Stoma	158	(1)
Grasping or Biopsy Forceps	159	(1)
Fogarty Balloon	159	(1)
Double Balloon Catheter	159	(1)
The ``Urological'' Device	159	(1)
Decq Forceps	160	(1)
Opening of Liliequist's Membrane	160	(1)
Indications	161	(17)
Pure Obstructive Hydrocephalus	161	(1)
Aqueductal Stenosis	161	(1)
Primary Aqueductal Stenosis	162	(1)
Secondary Aqueductal Stenosis	162	(1)
Pathogenesis of Hydrocephalus in Patients With Aqueductal Stenosis	163	(1)
Analysis of Results of ETV in Patients With Primary and Secondary Aqueductal Stenosis	164	(3)
Hydrocephalus in Posterior Cranial Fossa Tumors	167	(1)
Pathogenesis	167	(1)
Management Strategies: The Role of ETV	167	(1)
Hydrocephalus With Possible Subarachnoid Spaces Impairment	168	(1)
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Premature Infants	168	(1)
Pathogenesis	169	(1)
Results of ETV in Infants and Children With Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus	170	(1)
Postinfectious Hydrocephalus	171	(1)
Pathogenesis	171	(2)
Results of ETV in Infants and Children With Postinfectious Hydrocephalus	173	(1)
Hydrocephalus Associated with Dandy-Walker Syndrome	173	(1)
Pathogenesis	174	(1)
Results of ETV in Children With Hydrocephalus and Dandy-Walker Syndrome	175	(1)
Constrictive Hydrocephalus	175	(1)
Hydrocephalus Patients in with Myelomeningocele	175	(1)
Pathogenesis	176	(1)
Results of ETV in Myelomeningocele Patients	177	(1)
Analysis of Outcome	178	(20)
Early Results	179	(1)
Clinical Signs and Symptoms	179	(1)
ICP Monitoring	180	(1)
Neuroradiological Evaluation	181	(5)
ICP Monitoring and Management of Increased ICP During the ``Adaptation Period''	186	(3)
Late Results	189	(1)
Review of the Literature	189	(7)
Re-Obstruction of the Stoma	196	(1)
Intellectual Outcome	197	(1)
Complications	198	(7)
Hemorrhages	199	(2)
Neurological Disorders	201	(2)
Hypothalamic and Neurovegetative Disfunction	203	(1)
Other Complications	204	(1)
References	205	(17)
Minimally Invasive Procedures for the Treatment of Failed Back Surgery Syndrome.
P. Mavrocordatos
A. Cahana
Abstract	222	(1)
Introduction	222	(1)
Prevalence and Cost	223	(1)
Diagnostic Process in Chronic Low Back Pain	224	(3)
Patient's History	224	(1)
Physical Examination	225	(1)
Radiological Findings	226	(1)
Minimally Invasive Approaches Diagnostic Procedures for Low Back Pain	227	(4)
Provocative Discography	227	(3)
Medial Branch Blocks	230	(1)
Sacro-Iliac Joint Blocks	230	(1)
Minimally Invasive Approaches Diagnostic Procedures for Leg Pain	231	(1)
Trans-Foraminal Diagnostic Injections	232	(1)
Algorithm for Diagnostic Assessment of Low Back Pain and FBSS	232	(2)
Minimally Invasive Treatments for Low Back Pain	234	(3)
Intra-Discal-Electro-Therapy (IDET)	235	(1)
Medial Branch Radio-Frequency Lesionning	236	(1)
Minimally Invasive Treatments for Leg Pain	237	(6)
Therapeutic Epidural Injections	237	(1)
Percutaneous Epidural Neuroplasty (Racz Procedure) and Epiduroscopy	238	(1)
Spinal Cord Stimulation	239	(4)
Intrathecal Medications	243	(2)
Conclusions and Future	245	(2)
References	247	(6)
Surgical Anatomy of Calvarial Skin and Bones---With Particular Reference to Neurosurgical Approaches.
H. D. Fournier
V. Delliere
J. B. Gourraud
Ph. Mercier
Abstract	253	(1)
Introduction	254	(1)
Descriptive Anatomy of the Differents Layers Covering the Cranium	254	(2)
Vasculature of the Scalp	256	(5)
Arteries	258	(1)
Superficial Temporal Artery	258	(2)
Occipital Artery	260	(1)
Posterior Auricular Artery	261	(1)
Arterial Anastomosis	261	(1)
Veins	261	(1)
Innervation of the Scalp	261	(3)
Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve	261	(3)
Posterior Branch of the Second Cervical Nerve	264	(1)
Identification of Surface Landmarks of the Skull	264	(6)
The Base of the Skull	264	(1)
Important Points to Remember	265	(1)
Important Relationships at the Skull Base: The Bony Labyrinth, the Facial Nerve and the Petrous Segment of the Carotid Artery	266	(2)
The Key Surface Structures	268	(1)
The Pterional Approach	268	(1)
Venous Sinus Relationships to Surface Landmarks of the Skull	269	(1)
Conclusion	270	(1)
References	271