Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

by Pickard, J. D.; Dolenc, V. V.; Antunes, J. Lobo; Reulen, H. J.; Sindou, M.

• ISBN13: 9783211838037
• ISBN10: 3211838031
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-02-01
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

This series, sponsored by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, has already become a classic. In general, one volume is published per year. The Advances section presents fields of neurosurgery and related areas in which important recent progress has been made. The Technical Standards section features detailed descript of standard procedures to assist young neurosurgeons in their post-graduate training. The contributions are written by experienced clinicians and are reviewed by all members of the Editorial Board.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xiii
A. Advances
Recent Advances in Stem Cell Neurobiology
T. Ostenfeld
C. N. Svendsen
Abstract	4	(1)
Introduction to Stem Cell Nomenclature	5	(2)
Early Neural Development and Origins of Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells	7	(12)
Origin and Culture of ES cells	11	(1)
Manipulation of ES cells as a Source of Neural Precursors for Transplantation	12	(4)
Transplantation of ES cells	16	(3)
Neural Precursors and Stem Cells from the Developing Embryonic CNS	19	(31)
Origins of Neural Precursor Cells and Methods of Study in Vitro	19	(1)
Epigenetic and Genetic Interventions for the Expansion of Rodent Neural Precursors in Vitro	20	(4)
Methods for Propagation of Human Neural Precursors	24	(7)
Directed Differentiation of Neural Precursors and Induction of Neural Phenotypes	31	(6)
Transplantation of Neural Precursors using Experimental Model Systems	37	(1)
Transplantation into the Embryonic and Neonatal CNS	37	(3)
Transplantation into the Adult Mammalian Brain	40	(1)
Transplantation of Rodent Neural Precursors	40	(1)
Transplantation of Human Neural Precursors	41	(3)
Immunological Considerations and Stem Cell Graft Rejection	44	(2)
Neural Precursors as Cellular Vectors for Gene Delivery to the CNS	46	(4)
Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Brain	50	(6)
Origins of the Adult-Derived Neural Stem Cell	50	(3)
Physiological Significance of Adult Neural Stem Cells	53	(1)
Plasticity of Adult Stem Cells	54	(2)
Clinical Applications	56	(7)
Commercial, Ethical and Legislative Considerations	61	(2)
Glossary of Terms	63	(1)
Acknowledgements	64	(1)
References	65	(27)
Mapping of the Neuronal Networks of Human Cortical Brain Functions
Shahan Momjian
Mohamed Seghier
Margitta Seeck
Christoph M. Michel
Abstract	92	(1)
Introduction	93	(2)
Principles and Methodology	95	(11)
Event-Related fMRI	95	(5)
Electromagnetic Source Imaging	100	(1)
Number of Recording Channels	101	(1)
Source Localisation	102	(2)
Intracranial Evoked Potentials	104	(2)
Functional Maps	106	(22)
Higher Order Visual Perception and Cognition	106	(1)
Perception	106	(2)
Face Recognition	108	(1)
Mental Imagery	109	(2)
Calculation	111	(1)
Reasoning	111	(2)
Stimulus Detection	113	(1)
Executive Functions	114	(3)
Language	117	(4)
Memory	121	(1)
Short-Term Memory	122	(1)
Working Memory	123	(1)
Long-Term Memory	124	(2)
Attention	126	(2)
Perspectives and Conclusions	128	(2)
Acknowledgements	130	(1)
References	130	(15)
B. Technical Standards
Cerebral Revascularization
H. J. N. Streefkerk
A. Van der Zwan
R. M. Verdaasdonk
H. J. Mansvelt Beck
C. A. F. Tulleken
Contents	145	(2)
List of Abbreviations	147	(1)
Abstract	148	(1)
Historical Perspective	148	(4)
Vascular Anastomoses	148	(1)
Cerebral Revascularization	149	(1)
The EC/IC Bypass Study	149	(2)
Advances	151	(1)
Conclusion	152	(1)
Laboratory Training	152	(11)
Experimental Anastomoses	153	(1)
SEM Evaluation of Anastomoses	153	(1)
Laboratory Procedures	154	(1)
In Vitro Model Training	154	(2)
In Vivo Model Training on the Rat	156	(1)
Cadaver Training	156	(1)
Learning the ELANA Technique	157	(1)
In Vitro Model Training	157	(2)
In Vitro Model Training on the Rabbit	159	(4)
Pre-Operative Management	163	(20)
Possible Indications	163	(1)
Symptomatic Cerebral Ischemia	163	(1)
Anterior Circulation	164	(1)
The EC/IC Bypass Study (Again)	164	(1)
Searching the Subgroup	165	(1)
Posterior Circulation	166	(1)
Case Reports	167	(1)
Clinical Series	168	(1)
Intracranial Aneurysms	169	(1)
Proximal Ligation of the Parent Vessels	170	(1)
Anterior Circulation	170	(1)
Case Reports	170	(1)
Clinical Series	171	(1)
Posterior Circulation	172	(1)
Other Vascular Lesions	173	(1)
Arterial Dissections	173	(1)
Venous Reconstruction	174	(1)
Moya-Moya Syndrome	174	(1)
Bypass Surgery in Childhood and Adolescence	174	(1)
Cranial Base Tumors	175	(1)
Diagnostic Procedures	176	(1)
Angiography	176	(1)
TCD	177	(1)
MRF	177	(2)
CBF	179	(2)
Pre-Operative Selection of Vessels	181	(1)
Direct Reconstruction by Anastomosis or Graft	181	(1)
Indirect Revascularization by Anastomosis or Graft	181	(1)
Selection of Graft	182	(1)
Surgical Procedures	183	(22)
Anesthesia and Intra-Operative Monitoring	183	(1)
Hypothermic Techniques	183	(1)
Intra-Operative Angiography	183	(1)
Doppler and Ultrasound Techniques	183	(2)
Operative Position and Approaches	185	(1)
Graft Preparation	186	(1)
Using Papaverin or Not	186	(1)
Distension and Spasm of the Vein	187	(1)
Donor Vessel Preparation	188	(1)
Recipient Vessel Preparation	188	(1)
Indirect Revascularization	188	(1)
Indirect Revascularization Using the ELANA Technique	189	(1)
Abstract	189	(1)
Methods	190	(1)
Animal Experiments	190	(3)
Patients	193	(1)
Results	194	(1)
Patients	195	(1)
Discussion	195	(2)
Future Developments for the ELANA Technique	197	(4)
Intra-Operative Complications	201	(4)
Post-Operative Complications	205	(2)
Technical Complications	205	(1)
Early Graft Thrombosis	205	(1)
Late Occlusion	205	(1)
Tunnel Related Problems	205	(1)
Cerebral Ischemia	206	(1)
Rupture of Aneurysms in Aneurysm Surgery	206	(1)
General Neurosurgical Complications	207	(1)
Conclusions	207	(4)
References	211	(17)
Relative Indications for Radiosurgery and Microsurgery for Acoustic Schwannoma
W. Pellet
J. Regis
P.-H. Roche
C. Delsanti
Abstract	228	(1)
Introduction	228	(3)
Historical Overview	228	(2)
The Debate	230	(1)
Technique	231	(9)
The Gamma Knife	231	(1)
Physics and Imaging	231	(3)
Biology	234	(4)
The Other Devices	238	(1)
LINAC	238	(2)
Others	240	(1)
The Marseille Gamma Knife Experience	240	(2)
Results after Gamma Knife	242	(17)
Imaging Outcome	242	(1)
Volume Changes	242	(3)
Changes in Tissue Characteristics	245	(1)
Failures	246	(4)
Clinical Outcome	250	(1)
Complications Including Mortality	250	(2)
Facial Nerve	252	(2)
Cochlear Nerve	254	(2)
Functional Results and Quality of Life	256	(3)
Neurofibromatosis 2	259	(2)
Results with Other Devices	261	(2)
Indications	263	(11)
The Status of the Patient	263	(1)
The Natural History of Vestibular Schwannoma and the Stage of the Specific Case	264	(2)
The Physical Limitations of Radiosurgery	266	(2)
Recommended Protocols for Patient Management	268	(1)
Unilateral Schwannoma	268	(1)
Type II Neurofibromatosis	269	(1)
One Ear is Deaf	270	(1)
The two Ears are Deaf	271	(1)
The two Ears are still Hearing	272	(1)
Tumours are Little and the Pons is not Deformed or Only Slightly	272	(1)
Both Tumours are Large	273	(1)
One Tumour is Large, the Other Small	273	(1)
Recurrences and Post-Operative Residual Tumours	273	(1)
Conclusion	274	(1)
References	275	(7)
Comments	282	(2)
References	284	(1)
The Management of Brain Abscesses
S. Livraghi
J. P. Melancia
J. Lobo
Introduction	285	(1)
Historical Perspective	286	(1)
Epidemiology	287	(1)
Pathogenesis	288	(1)
Pathology	289	(2)
Microbiology	291	(1)
Clinical Picture	292	(1)
Laboratory Findings	293	(1)
Diagnostic Imaging	293	(3)
Treatment	296	(3)
Antibiotic Therapy	296	(3)
Surgical Management	299	(2)
Management	299	(2)
Management of Multiple Abscesses	301	(1)
Patients with AIDS	301	(4)
Complications	305	(2)
Prognosis	307	(1)
Conclusions	307	(1)
References	308	(7)
Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe for Epilepsy Surgery
M. Sindou
M. Guenot
Summary	315	(1)
Introduction	316	(2)
Descriptive Anatomy	318	(9)
The Neocortical Temporal Lobe	318	(1)
The Mesial Temporal Lobe	319	(5)
The Association Fibers	324	(1)
Short Association Fibers	324	(1)
Long Ipsihemispheric Association Fascicles	324	(2)
Interhemispheric Commissural Systems	326	(1)
The Projection Fibers	326	(1)
Functional Anatomy	327	(5)
Cortical Areas	329	(1)
Limbic System	329	(3)
Vascular Anatomy	332	(5)
Arterial Relationships	332	(4)
Veins	336	(1)
Anatomical Characteristics of the Various Modalities of Temporal Resections	337	(3)
Conclusion	340	(1)
References	341