Advances in Virus Research

by Maramorosch; Murphy; Shatkin

• ISBN13: 9780120398553
• ISBN10: 0120398559
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-10
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Virology is the branch of microbiology that deals with viruses and viral infections. The overall goal of virus research is understand the action of various viruses and develop vaccines or techniques that are effective at preventing or treating the diseases caused by them. Viruses that affect humans range in severity from the rhinoviruses that cause the "common cold" to the human immune deficiency (HIV) virus that causes AIDS. By their very nature, viruses are highly contagious and therefore affect millions of people, plants, and animals. This field continues to have new discoveries that are important to researchers and clinicians in the field.

Table of Contents

DNA Vaccines for Viral Infections: Basic Studies and Applications
Harriet L. Robinson
Tamera M. Pertmer
Introduction	1	(4)
Plasmid Vectors and Delivery	5	(6)
Mechanistic Basis for DNA-Raised Immune Responses	11	(5)
Immune Responses Raised by DNA	16	(8)
Increasing the Efficiency of DNA-Based Immunizations	24	(7)
Applications	31	(16)
Safety Issues	47	(2)
Future Promise	49	(27)
References	50	(26)
SV40 Large T Antigen Functions in DNA Replication and Transformation
Daniel T. Simmons
Introduction	76	(1)
Structural Properties	76	(6)
Structure of Origin	82	(2)
Oligomerization and DNA Binding	84	(2)
Helicase Activity and Unwinding of DNA	86	(2)
Replication of SV40 DNA	88	(12)
Regulation of T Antigen Activity by Phosphorylation	100	(1)
Multifunctionality of T Antigen Domains	101	(1)
Transformation and Immortalization of Cells	102	(8)
Role of T Antigen in Transcription	110	(2)
Chromosome Rearrangements and Recombination	112	(1)
Nuclear Transport of Cellular Proteins	113	(1)
Role of T Antigen in Virus Assembly	113	(1)
Remaining Puzzles and Promising Directions	114	(21)
References	115	(20)
Viral and Cellular mRNA Capping: Past and Prospects
Yasuhiro Furuichi
Aaron J. Shatkin
Introduction	135	(2)
Discovery	137	(6)
Caps in Eukaryotic mRNAs	143	(9)
Mechanisms of Synthesis	152	(10)
Performed Capped 5' End Addition to Cellular and Viral mRNAs	162	(4)
Cap Functions	166	(5)
Conclusion	171	(14)
References	172	(13)
Mechanism of Genome Transcription in Segmented dsRNA Viruses
Jeffrey A. Lawton
Mary K. Estes
B. V. Venkataram Prasad
Introduction	185	(3)
Organization of Transcription Apparatus	188	(24)
Mechanisms of mRNA Production	212	(8)
Summary	220	(11)
References	221	(10)
Structures and Mechanisms in Flavivirus Fusion
Fanz X. Heinz
Steven L. Allison
Introduction	231	(1)
Flaviviruses	232	(1)
General Features of Viral Fusion Proteins	233	(2)
Flavivirus Entry, Assembly, and Release	235	(1)
Recombinant Subviral Particles	236	(1)
Fusion Characteristics of Flaviviruses	237	(4)
Structural Basis for Flavivirus Fusion	241	(19)
Conclusion	260	(11)
References	261	(10)
Avsunviroidae Family: Viroids Containing Hammerhead Ribozymes
Ricardo Flores
Jose-Antonio Daros
Carmen Hernandez
Introduction	271	(2)
History	273	(7)
Molecular Structure and Taxonomy	280	(8)
Biological Properties	288	(3)
Replication Cycle	291	(8)
Pathogenesis	299	(5)
Genetics	304	(4)
Origin and Evolution of Hammerhead Viroids	308	(3)
Concluding Remarks	311	(14)
References	313	(12)
Virus Resistance Mediated by Ribosome Inactivating Proteins
Pinger Wang
Nilgun E. Turner
Introduction	325	(1)
General Properties	326	(1)
Enzymatic Activity	327	(5)
Protein Structure and Function of PAP and Other RIPs	332	(4)
Biological Activity	336	(9)
Conclusion	345	(12)
References	347	(10)
Groundnut Rosette Disease Virus Complex: Biology and Molecular Biology
Michael E. Taliansky
D. J. Robinson
A. F. Murant
Introduction	357	(3)
Biology of Groundnut Rosette Disease Complex	360	(4)
Genome Organization and Expression of Causal Agents	364	(4)
Functions of Proteins and RNA Elements: Functional Interactions between Agents Causing Disease	368	(15)
Disease Control: Cultural Measures and Resistance	383	(4)
Similar Plant Virus Complexes	387	(22)
References	391	(12)
Special Section: VIRUS VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY
Joseph C. Glorioso
Perspectives on Viral Vector Design and Applications
Joseph C. Glorioiso
Text	403	(6)
Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Viral Vectors for Cancer Therapy
Nancy S. Markovitz
Bernard Roizman
Introduction	409	(1)
Biological Properties of HSV-1 and HSV-2	410	(3)
Genetic Engineering of HSV Vectors	413	(1)
Neuroattenuated Viruses	414	(1)
HSV-Mediated Gene Therapy of Brain Tumors	415	(1)
Future of HSV Vectors	416	(3)
Conclusion: Future of HSV Vectors as Oncolytic Agents	419	(6)
References	419	(6)
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Based Amplicon Vector Systems
Cornel Fraefel
David R. Jacoby
Xandra O. Breakfield
Introduction	425	(4)
HSV-1 Amplicon	429	(7)
New Amplicon Designs	436	(5)
Perspectives	441	(12)
References	444	(9)
Epstein-Barr Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy
Satoru Komaki
Jean-Michel H. Vos
Introduction	453	(1)
Vectors Based on Epstein-Barr Virus	454	(3)
Gene Delivery System with EBV Vectors	457	(3)
Conclusion and Perspectives	460	(3)
References	460	(3)
Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A New Herpesvirus Vector Approach
Martin Messerle
Gabriele Hahn
Wolfram Brune
Urlich H. Koszinowski
Introduction	463	(1)
Features of CMV that Qualify It As a Vector	464	(3)
Manipulation of CMV Genome	467	(2)
Engineering of CMV Vectors for Gene Transfer	469	(4)
Concluding Remarks	473	(6)
References	473	(6)
Adenovirus Vectors for Human Gene Therapy
Mary M. Hitt
Frank L. Graham
Introduction	479	(1)
Basic Biology and Structure of Wild-Type Adenoviruses	480	(2)
First-Generation Adenovirus Vectors	482	(4)
Circumventing Immune Response	486	(2)
Second-Generation Vectors	488	(1)
Helper-Dependent Vectors	489	(4)
Hybrid Vectors	493	(1)
Targeting Adenovirus Vectors	493	(2)
Conclusions	495	(12)
References	495	(12)
Adeno-Associated Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer to Somatic Cells in the Central Nervous System
Ronald L. Klein
Ronald J. Mandel
Nicholas Muzycka
Introduction	507	(1)
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer in the Brain	508	(9)
Gene Therapy Applications	517	(4)
Conclusions	521	(8)
References	522	(7)
Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus
Guang-Ping Gao
James M. Wilson
Nelson A. Wivel
Introduction	529	(1)
Vector Biology	530	(1)
rAAV Production Methods	531	(8)
Summary	539	(6)
References	540	(5)
Retraviral Vectors
Seon Hee Kim
Sunyoung Kim
Paul D. Robbins
Introduction	545	(1)
Retroviral Life Cycle	546	(4)
Types of Vectors	550	(5)
Development of Improved MLV-Based Vectors	555	(2)
Other Types of Retroviruses for Use as Vectors	557	(1)
Packaging Lines	558	(2)
Summary	560	(5)
References	561	(4)
Alphavirus Expression Vectors
Sondra Schlesinger
Introduction	565	(1)
Engineering of Alphavirus Genomes to Produce Expression Vectors	566	(6)
Selected Examples Illustrating the Value of Alphaviruses as Expression Vectors	572	(7)
References	575	(4)
Transfectant Influenza Viruses As Antigen Delivery Vectors
Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
Introduction	579	(2)
Generation of Transfectant Influenza Virus Vectors	581	(8)
Induction of Immune Responses against Malaria Parasites by Transfectant Influenza Viruses	589	(1)
Induction of Immune Responses against Retroviruses by Transfectant Influenza Viruses	590	(1)
Induction of Immune Responses against Other Pathogens and Cells by Transfectant Influenza Viruses	591	(1)
Perspective	592	(7)
References	593	(6)
Lentiviral Vectors
Luigi Naldini
Inder M. Verma
Introduction	599	(1)
Design and Function of Lentiviral Vectors	600	(2)
Improvements in Vector Biosafety	602	(1)
Gene Transfer Performance	603	(2)
Vectors Derived from Non-Primate Lentiviruses	605	(1)
Conclusions	606	(5)
References	606	(5)
Index	611