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Preface | p. xiv |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
African American Families: A Brief Introduction | p. 1 |
Objectives | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
What We Hope to Accomplish | p. 2 |
The Question of Social Class | p. 4 |
Data Sources | p. 5 |
Organization of the Book | p. 6 |
Notes | p. 8 |
African American Civil Society: Issues, Approaches, Demography, and Theory | p. 9 |
Objectives | p. 9 |
Introduction | p. 10 |
Definitions | p. 10 |
Family | p. 10 |
Race and Ethnicity | p. 12 |
Race as a Social Construct | p. 13 |
African American Families | p. 15 |
Structural Versus Individual Explanations | p. 16 |
African American Families: A Profile | p. 17 |
Family Structure | p. 18 |
Intimate Partner Violence | p. 19 |
Health, Well-Being, and Access to Health Care | p. 20 |
Work and Education | p. 20 |
Poverty and Wealth | p. 21 |
Incarceration | p. 22 |
Theoretical Approaches to Studying African American Families | p. 22 |
Social Pathology | p. 23 |
The Strength Approach | p. 26 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 30 |
A Comparison of Race, Class, and Gender Theory With Critical Race Theory | p. 32 |
Data and Methods | p. 33 |
Qualitative Interviews | p. 33 |
Triangulation of Method | p. 35 |
Notes | p. 36 |
Family Formation, Marriage Rates, and Cohabitation | p. 38 |
Objectives | p. 38 |
Introduction | p. 39 |
Factors That Affect Family Form | p. 39 |
The Economy | p. 40 |
Religion | p. 41 |
Functions and Purposes of Marriage | p. 41 |
Economic Function | p. 42 |
Sexual Access | p. 42 |
Establishing Paternity and Guaranteeing Childrearing | p. 43 |
Marriage Patterns | p. 44 |
The Marriage Gap | p. 45 |
"Low Morality" and Critiques | p. 45 |
Ideology and Norms | p. 46 |
Hegemonic and Alternative Ideologies | p. 47 |
The Role of Welfare in Shaping Family Forms | p. 48 |
The Male Marriageable Pool: The Impact of Unemployment and Incarceration | p. 48 |
Education and Employment | p. 49 |
Incarceration | p. 49 |
Black-White Intermarriage | p. 49 |
In Their Own Words | p. 52 |
Unemployment and Underemployment: Ronny and Tammy | p. 55 |
Incarceration, Drugs, and Unemployment: Will and Stella and Wanda and Chris | p. 55 |
Race, Class, and Gender Analysis | p. 57 |
Summary: Outcomes of the Low Marriage Rate | p. 58 |
Solutions | p. 59 |
Notes | p. 60 |
Childbearing and Childrearing Patterns | p. 61 |
Objectives | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 62 |
Childbearing Patterns | p. 62 |
Medical Outcomes | p. 63 |
School Completion and Consequent Poverty | p. 64 |
Reliance on Welfare and Problems for the Teen Mother and Her Children | p. 64 |
Tammy's Story | p. 65 |
Child Abuse | p. 66 |
Probability of Incarceration for Children Born to Teen Mothers | p. 67 |
Nonmarital Births | p. 67 |
Where Are the Fathers? | p. 69 |
Nonmarital Teen Childbearing | p. 70 |
Why Have a Baby? | p. 72 |
Sexual Activity | p. 72 |
The Economy/Opportunity Structure | p. 74 |
Norms | p. 75 |
Premature Sex Engagement | p. 77 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 81 |
Conclusions | p. 82 |
Solutions | p. 82 |
Notes | p. 83 |
Intimate Partner Violence | p. 85 |
Objectives | p. 85 |
Introduction | p. 86 |
Definitions | p. 86 |
The Problem | p. 87 |
The Family Violence Approach | p. 88 |
The Feminist Paradigm | p. 89 |
Race, Class, and Gender Approach to Studying IPV | p. 90 |
The Dirty Little Secret: IPV in the African American Community | p. 91 |
African American Women as Victims/Survivors of IPV: Statistics/Rates | p. 93 |
Women and Economic Dependency | p. 95 |
Early Experiences With Sex, Sexual Abuse, and Risk for IPV | p. 98 |
The Pathway From Sexual Abuse in Childhood to IPV in Adulthood | p. 100 |
Men and Masculinity | p. 102 |
African American Masculinity: The Cool Pose | p. 103 |
Discourses of Masculinity | p. 104 |
Breadwinning | p. 104 |
Breadwinning in the Current Economic Climate | p. 105 |
Women as Nags, Spendthrifts, and Lazy, and Men's Failure to Provide | p. 108 |
Women as Nags | p. 108 |
Failure as a Provider | p. 109 |
The Bedroom | p. 110 |
Jealousy | p. 112 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 116 |
Poverty | p. 116 |
Unemployment/Underemployment | p. 117 |
Incarceration | p. 117 |
Solutions | p. 118 |
Notes | p. 118 |
HIV and Other Social and Health Issues | p. 123 |
Objectives | p. 124 |
Introduction | p. 124 |
The State of Health and Well-Being in African American Civil Society | p. 124 |
Racial Disparities in Chronic Diseases | p. 125 |
Mental Illness | p. 129 |
Racial Disparities in HIV/AIDS | p. 130 |
Modes of Transmission | p. 132 |
Leading Causes of Death | p. 134 |
Infant Mortality | p. 137 |
Outcomes of Poor Health: Premature Death | p. 140 |
Ronny | p. 142 |
Causes of Poor Health and Death | p. 143 |
Poverty | p. 143 |
Lifestyle | p. 144 |
Access to Health Insurance | p. 144 |
Access to Health Care | p. 147 |
Winston-Salem: A Case Study | p. 148 |
Delays in Treatment | p. 149 |
HIV/AIDS | p. 150 |
Delays in Treatment | p. 150 |
Incarceration | p. 151 |
Ignorance/Denial: Men Having Sex With Men, or "the Down Low" | p. 153 |
Religion, Homophobia, and HIV/AIDS in the African American Community | p. 155 |
Environmental Injustice | p. 156 |
Environmental Causes of Poor Health: Norco | p. 156 |
The Politics of Health Care | p. 157 |
The Genetics (and Politics) of Race/Ethnicity and Health | p. 157 |
Drugs Targeted at African Americans | p. 158 |
A History of Mistrust | p. 159 |
Segregated Medicine | p. 160 |
The Tuskegee Experiments | p. 161 |
The Eugenics Movement | p. 162 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 163 |
Solutions | p. 164 |
Notes | p. 165 |
Access to Opportunity: Educational Attainment and Occupational Segregation | p. 170 |
Objectives | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 171 |
A Brief History of Race and Education | p. 172 |
Educational Attainment | p. 174 |
Access to Education: Legacy | p. 177 |
The Economy | p. 177 |
Slavery and Occupations | p. 181 |
The Work Done by African Americans | p. 181 |
The Myth of Laziness | p. 182 |
Race, Class, and Gender: African American Women's History of Work | p. 183 |
Occupations and Work | p. 184 |
Social Class Bias: White Men as Doctors, Lawyers, and College Professors | p. 185 |
All African American Men Are Professional Athletes | p. 186 |
Occupational Segregation: The Impact of Race and Gender | p. 187 |
Industry Segregation | p. 188 |
Establishment Segregation | p. 188 |
Causes of Occupational Segregation | p. 189 |
Education and Human Capital | p. 190 |
Access to the Opportunity Structure: Occupational Legacy | p. 190 |
Coaching | p. 190 |
Medicine/Law/Business/Academics | p. 191 |
Politics | p. 191 |
Skilled Labor Unions | p. 192 |
Discrimination | p. 193 |
Social Capital and Employment | p. 195 |
Incarceration | p. 195 |
Outcomes of Occupational Segregation | p. 197 |
Unemployment | p. 197 |
Male Marriageable Pool | p. 199 |
Intimate Partner Violence | p. 199 |
Financial Outcomes: Lower Earnings | p. 200 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 201 |
Solutions | p. 202 |
Notes | p. 203 |
Welfare and Wealth | p. 205 |
Objectives | p. 206 |
Introduction | p. 206 |
Income Versus Wealth | p. 206 |
Income and Income Disparities | p. 207 |
Wealth and Wealth Disparities | p. 209 |
Wealth Disparities and Access to the American Dream? | p. 212 |
Housing | p. 213 |
Housing Discrimination | p. 214 |
Housing Segregation | p. 215 |
A Clear Illustration: Hurricane Katrina | p. 216 |
Poverty | p. 218 |
Welfare | p. 220 |
Welfare Reform | p. 221 |
Stereotypes About Welfare and Poverty | p. 222 |
Welfare Versus Work | p. 224 |
Welfare Reform and Family Values | p. 226 |
Welfare Reform and Incarceration, or African American Mothers Are Crackheads | p. 228 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 229 |
Solutions | p. 231 |
Notes | p. 231 |
African American Males and the Incarceration Problem: Not Just Confined to Prison | p. 233 |
Objectives | p. 234 |
Introduction | p. 235 |
Definitions | p. 235 |
Prisons as Total Institutions | p. 236 |
The Growth of Prisons: Institutions and Population | p. 237 |
The Role of Drug Laws in the Growth of Prisons | p. 238 |
The Purpose of Prison: Rehabilitation or a Tool of Capitalism? | p. 241 |
The Demographics of the Prison Population: Gender and Race | p. 242 |
Gender | p. 242 |
Race | p. 243 |
Explaining Racial Disparities in Incarceration | p. 245 |
The Effects of Incarceration on the Lives of Young African American Men | p. 249 |
Loss in the African American Community: Economic Costs | p. 251 |
Loss in the African American Community: Human Capital | p. 252 |
An Illustration: The Case of Darryl Hunt | p. 253 |
Social Capital | p. 255 |
Social Capital In and Out: An Illustration From North Carolina | p. 257 |
Political Capital: Census Recalculation and Felon Disenfranchisement | p. 260 |
The Impact of Incarceration on the Census | p. 260 |
Felony Disenfranchisement | p. 261 |
Other Bans-Social Services | p. 262 |
Employment Bans | p. 263 |
Driver's License | p. 264 |
Cash Assistance, Food Stamps, and Public Housing | p. 264 |
Student Loans | p. 264 |
Parenting From Behind Bars and the Adverse Effects on Children | p. 265 |
Statistics on Parents | p. 266 |
Statistics on Children | p. 266 |
Parenting From Behind Bars: The Importance of Visitation | p. 267 |
The Effects of Incarceration | p. 268 |
The Impact of Bans on Family Life After Release | p. 270 |
Physical Capital | p. 271 |
Penal Capital (Prisoner Labor) | p. 272 |
Factory Work | p. 273 |
Manual Labor | p. 273 |
Direct Marketing to Local Communities | p. 274 |
Service Sector Work | p. 275 |
Race, Class, and Gender Paradigm | p. 276 |
Solutions | p. 279 |
Notes | p. 281 |
Conclusion: Solutions to a Long-Standing Problem: Race, Class, and Patriarchy in the 21st Century | p. 285 |
Summary and Review of the Primary Themes | p. 285 |
Degrees of Separation | p. 289 |
High Rates of Social Problems | p. 289 |
Severe Housing Segregation | p. 290 |
Limited and Recent Access to the Opportunity Structure | p. 291 |
A Snapshot of the African American Family | p. 292 |
The Struggles | p. 293 |
The Causes | p. 295 |
The Economy | p. 296 |
The Welfare System | p. 298 |
The Growth of the Prison Industrial Complex | p. 299 |
Bans | p. 299 |
Family Form | p. 300 |
The Relationship Between Structural Forces and Individual Choices: An Illustration From the Life of a Battered Woman | p. 300 |
Contextualizing Sheri's "Choices" | p. 301 |
What Is to Be Done? | p. 302 |
Structural Forces: Race, Class, and Gender | p. 303 |
Economic Solutions | p. 303 |
Living Wage | p. 303 |
Employment | p. 304 |
Health Insurance | p. 304 |
Affordable Housing | p. 305 |
Parental Support for Children | p. 305 |
Revamp Welfare | p. 306 |
Equal Access to Education | p. 307 |
Reduce/Eliminate Discrimination in Health Care | p. 309 |
Alternatives to Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders | p. 310 |
Preventing and Interrupting Intimate Partner Violence | p. 310 |
Honesty About HIV | p. 312 |
Individual Solutions | p. 313 |
Final Thoughts | p. 315 |
Notes | p. 317 |
Appendixes | p. 318 |
References | p. 349 |
Index | p. 371 |
About the Authors | p. 385 |
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