African Americans : A Concise History, Combined Volume (Chapters 1-23 and Epilogue)

by Hine, Darlene Clark; Hine, William C.; Harrold, Stanley

• ISBN13: 9780131114418
• ISBN10: 0131114417
• Edition: COMBINED
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxviii
Part I Becoming African American
Africa	1	(14)
The Birthplace of Humanity	1	(1)
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments	1	(3)
Kush, Meroe, and Axum	3	(1)
West Africa	4	(5)
Ancient Ghana	5	(1)
The Empire of Mali, 1230--1468	5	(1)
The Empire of Songhai, 1464--1591	6	(1)
The West African Forest Region	7	(2)
Kongo and Angola	9	(1)
West African Society and Culture	9	(2)
Families and Villages	9	(1)
Women	10	(1)
Class and Slavery	10	(1)
Religion	10	(1)
Art and Music	11	(1)
Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales	11	(1)
Conclusion	11	(3)
Review Questions	14	(1)
Recommended Reading	14	(1)
Middle Passage	15	(13)
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization	15	(1)
The Slave Trade in Africa	15	(1)
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade	16	(1)
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade	16	(2)
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination	18	(3)
The Crossing	18	(2)
Sanitation, Disease, and Death	20	(1)
Resistance and Revolt at Sea	20	(1)
Cruelty	20	(1)
African Women on Slave Ships	21	(1)
Landing and Sale in the West Indies	21	(1)
Seasoning	22	(2)
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas	24	(1)
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade	25	(1)
Conclusion	25	(1)
Review Questions	25	(1)
Recommended Reading	26	(2)
Black People in Colonial North America, 1526--1763	28	(19)
The Peoples of Eastern North America	28	(2)
Eastern Woodlands Indians	28	(1)
The British and Jamestown	29	(1)
Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake	30	(1)
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake	30	(3)
Race and the Origins of Black Slavery	31	(1)
The Emergence of Chattel Slavery	32	(1)
Plantation Slavery, 1700--1750	33	(3)
Low-Country Slavery	34	(2)
Slave Life in Early America	36	(1)
Miscegenation and Creolization	37	(1)
The Origins of African-American Culture	37	(4)
The Great Awakening	38	(1)
Music and Folk Literature	39	(1)
The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture	40	(1)
Slavery in the Northern Colonies	41	(1)
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana	42	(1)
Black Women in Colonial America	43	(1)
Black Resistance and Rebellion	43	(1)
Conclusion	44	(1)
Review Questions	45	(1)
Recommended Reading	46	(1)
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763--1783	47	(16)
The Crisis of the British Empire	47	(1)
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans	48	(2)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	49	(1)
African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate	49	(1)
Black Enlightenment	50	(3)
Phillis Wheatley	50	(2)
Benjamin Banneker	52	(1)
African Americans in the War for Independence	53	(2)
Black Loyalists	53	(2)
Black Patriots	55	(1)
The Revolution and Emancipation	55	(5)
The Revolutionary Impact	58	(2)
The Revolutionary Promise	60	(1)
Conclusion	60	(2)
Review Questions	62	(1)
Recommended Reading	62	(1)
African Americans in the New Nation, 1783--1820	63	(18)
Forces for Freedom	63	(4)
Northern Emancipation	63	(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	65	(1)
The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley	66	(1)
Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South	66	(1)
Manumission and Self-Purchase	67	(1)
The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South	67	(1)
Forces for Slavery	67	(3)
The United States Constitution	68	(1)
Cotton	68	(1)
Conservatism and Racism	69	(1)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities	70	(3)
The Origins of Independent Black Churches	71	(1)
The First Black Schools	72	(1)
Black Leaders and Choices	73	(3)
Migration	74	(1)
Slave Uprisings	74	(2)
The White Southern Reaction	76	(1)
The War of 1812	76	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	77	(1)
Conclusion	77	(1)
Review Questions	78	(2)
Recommended Reading	80	(1)
Part II Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793--1861
Life in the Cotton Kingdom	81	(18)
The Expansion of Slavery	81	(2)
Slave Labor in Agriculture	83	(2)
House Servants and Skilled Slaves	85	(1)
Urban and Industrial Slavery	86	(1)
Punishment	87	(1)
The Domestic Slave Trade	88	(1)
Slave Families	88	(6)
Children	90	(1)
Sexual Exploitation	91	(1)
Diet	91	(2)
Clothing	93	(1)
Health	93	(1)
The Socialization of Slaves	94	(1)
Religion	95	(1)
The Character of Slavery and Slaves	95	(1)
Conclusion	96	(1)
Review Questions	97	(1)
Recommended Reading	98	(1)
Free Black People in Antebellum America	99	(20)
Demographics of Freedom	99	(1)
The Jacksonian Era	99	(2)
Limited Freedom in the North	101	(4)
Black Laws	101	(2)
Disfranchisement	103	(1)
Segregation	104	(1)
Black Communities in the Urban North	105	(4)
The Black Family	105	(1)
The Struggle for Employment	106	(1)
The Northern Black Elite	106	(1)
Black Professionals	107	(1)
Artists, Musicians, and Authors	107	(2)
African-American Institutions	109	(4)
Free African Americans in the Upper South	113	(2)
Free African Americans in the Deep South	115	(3)
Conclusion	118	(1)
Review Questions	118	(1)
Recommended Reading	118	(1)
Opposition to Slavery, 1800--1833	119	(14)
A Country in Turmoil	119	(2)
The Second Great Awakening	120	(1)
Abolitionism Begins in America	121	(3)
From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey	123	(1)
The American Colonization Society	124	(3)
Black Women Abolitionists	127	(1)
The Baltimore Alliance	127	(1)
David Walker's Appeal	128	(1)
Nat Turner	129	(1)
Conclusion	130	(2)
Review Questions	132	(1)
Recommended Reading	132	(1)
Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833--1850	133	(17)
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence	133	(1)
Texas and the War against Mexico	134	(2)
The Response of the Antislavery Movement	136	(3)
The American Anti-Slavery Society	136	(1)
Black and Women's Antislavery Societies	137	(1)
The Black Convention Movement	138	(1)
Black Community Institutions	138	(1)
Moral Suasion	139	(1)
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party	140	(1)
A More Aggressive Abolitionism	141	(2)
The Amistad and the Creole	142	(1)
The Underground Railroad	142	(1)
Black Militancy	143	(2)
Frederick Douglass	145	(1)
Black Nationalism	146	(1)
Conclusion	147	(2)
Review Questions	149	(1)
Recommended Reading	149	(1)
``And Black People Were at the Heart of It'': The United States Disunites over Slavery	150	(20)
Free Labor versus Slave Labor	150	(2)
The Wilmot Proviso	150	(1)
California and the Compromise of 1850	151	(1)
Fugitive Slave Laws	151	(1)
Fugitive Slaves	152	(3)
The Crafts and Shadrach	153	(1)
The Battle at Christiana	154	(1)
Anthony Burns	154	(1)
Margaret Garner	154	(1)
The Rochester Convention, 1853	155	(1)
Nativism and the Know-Nothings	156	(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin	156	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	157	(2)
The Dred Scott Decision	159	(1)
White Northerners and Black Americans	160	(1)
Abraham Lincoln and Black People	161	(1)
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry	162	(2)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln	164	(2)
Disunion	166	(1)
Conclusion	166	(1)
Review Questions	167	(1)
Recommended Reading	167	(3)
Part III The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War	170	(23)
Lincoln's Aims	170	(1)
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves	170	(3)
Lincoln Moves toward Emancipation	172	(1)
Black People Reject Colonization	173	(1)
The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation	173	(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation	174	(2)
Limits of the Proclamation	174	(1)
Effects of the Proclamation on the South	175	(1)
Black Men Fight for the Union	176	(7)
The First South Carolina Volunteers	176	(1)
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment	177	(1)
Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination	178	(1)
Black Men in Combat	178	(3)
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers	181	(1)
Black Men in the Union Navy	182	(1)
Liberators, Spies, and Guides	182	(1)
Violent Opposition to Black People	183	(2)
The New York City Draft Riot	183	(1)
Union Troops and Slaves	183	(1)
Refugees	184	(1)
Black People and the Confederacy	185	(4)
The Impressment and Reenslavement of Black People	185	(1)
Black Confederates	186	(1)
Black Men Fighting for the South	187	(1)
The Confederate Debate on Black Troops	188	(1)
Conclusion	189	(3)
Review Questions	192	(1)
Recommended Reading	192	(1)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865--1868	193	(22)
The End of Slavery	193	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	194	(1)
Land	194	(2)
Special Field Order #15	195	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	195	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	196	(1)
The Black Church	197	(2)
Education	199	(3)
Black Teachers	200	(1)
Black Colleges	200	(1)
Response of White Southerners	201	(1)
Violence	202	(1)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights	203	(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson	204	(1)
Black Codes	204	(2)
Black Conventions	206	(1)
The Radical Republicans	206	(2)
Radical Proposals	207	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill	207	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	208	(1)
Radical Reconstruction	208	(2)
Conclusion	210	(1)
Review Questions	211	(1)
Recommended Reading	211	(4)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction, 1868--1877	215	(18)
Constitutional Conventions	215	(1)
Black Political Leaders	216	(1)
The Issues	217	(3)
Education and Social Welfare	217	(1)
Civil Rights	218	(1)
Land	219	(1)
Business and Industry	219	(1)
Black Politicians and Republican Factionalism	220	(1)
Opposition	221	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	221	(2)
The Fifteenth Amendment and the Enforcement Acts	223	(1)
The North Loses Interest	224	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	225	(4)
Violent Redemption	227	(2)
The Compromise of 1877	229	(1)
Conclusion	229	(2)
Review Questions	231	(1)
Recommended Reading	231	(2)
Part IV Searching for Safe Places
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century	233	(21)
Politics	234	(3)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent	235	(1)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance	236	(1)
The Populist Party	237	(1)
Disfranchisement	237	(2)
Segregation	239	(2)
Plessy v. Ferguson	240	(1)
Segregation Proliferates	241	(1)
Racial Etiquette	241	(1)
Violence	242	(3)
Lynching	243	(2)
Rape	245	(1)
Migration	245	(2)
Black Farm Families	247	(3)
Sharecroppers	247	(2)
Black Landowners	249	(1)
Segregated Justice	250	(1)
Conclusion	251	(2)
Review Questions	253	(1)
Recommended Reading	253	(1)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy	254	(27)
Social Darwinism	254	(1)
Education and Schools	255	(5)
Segregated Schools	255	(2)
The Hampton Model	257	(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model	257	(2)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model	259	(1)
Church and Religion	260	(3)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church	262	(1)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians	262	(1)
African-Americans in the Army and Navy	263	(2)
The Buffalo Soldiers	263	(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers	264	(1)
The Navy	265	(1)
Black Cowboys	265	(1)
The Spanish-American War	265	(3)
The Philippine Insurrection	268	(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs	268	(2)
African-Americans and Labor	270	(2)
Unions	270	(1)
Strikes	271	(1)
Black Professionals	272	(1)
Music	273	(2)
Ragtime	274	(1)
Jazz	274	(1)
The Blues	275	(1)
Sports	275	(2)
Baseball, Basketball and Other Sports	276	(1)
College Athletics	277	(1)
Conclusion	277	(2)
Review Questions	279	(1)
Recommended Reading	280	(1)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century	281	(32)
Race and the Progressive Movement	281	(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach	282	(2)
W.E.B. Du Bois	284	(2)
The Niagara Movement	286	(1)
The NAACP and the Urban League	287	(2)
Black Women and the NACW	289	(2)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism	290	(1)
Women's Suffrage	291	(1)
The Black Elite	291	(2)
Presidential Politics	293	(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I	293	(4)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico	293	(1)
World War I	294	(1)
Black Troops and Officers	294	(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects	295	(1)
Du Bois's Disappointment	296	(1)
Race Riots	297	(6)
Atlanta 1906	297	(2)
Springfield 1908	299	(1)
East St. Louis 1917	299	(2)
Elaine 1919	301	(1)
Tulsa 1921	301	(1)
Rosewood 1923	302	(1)
The Great Migration	303	(2)
Northern Communities	305	(2)
Chicago	305	(1)
Harlem	306	(1)
Families	307	(1)
Conclusion	308	(1)
Review Questions	309	(1)
Recommended Reading	309	(4)
African Americans and the 1920s	313	(23)
Strikes and the Red Scare	313	(1)
Racism	313	(2)
The Birth of a Nation	314	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	314	(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the Twenties	315	(5)
The NAACP	315	(1)
Marcus Garvey and the UNIA	316	(3)
Pan-Africanism	319	(1)
Labor	320	(3)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters	321	(1)
A. Philip Randolph	322	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance	323	(6)
Before Harlem	323	(1)
Writers and Artists	324	(4)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance	328	(1)
Harlem and the Jazz Age	329	(2)
Song, Dance, and Stage	330	(1)
Sports	331	(1)
Rube Foster	331	(1)
College Sports	332	(1)
Conclusion	332	(2)
Review Questions	334	(1)
Recommended Reading	334	(2)
Part V The Great Depression and World War II
The Great Depression and the New Deal	336	(23)
The Cataclysm, 1929--1933	336	(5)
Harder Times for Black America	337	(1)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival	338	(2)
The Failure of Relief	340	(1)
African Americans and the New Deal	341	(5)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933--1935	341	(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal	342	(1)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal	343	(1)
African Americans and the Second New Deal	344	(2)
Black Protest during the Great Depression	346	(5)
The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles	347	(1)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy	347	(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts	348	(1)
Black Women and Community Organizing	349	(2)
Organized Labor and Black America	351	(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans	352	(3)
The International Labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys''	353	(1)
Debating Communist Leadership	354	(1)
The National Negro Congress	355	(1)
The Tuskegee Study	355	(1)
Conclusion	356	(1)
Review Questions	356	(2)
Recommended Reading	358	(1)
Black Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s	359	(24)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City	359	(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism	360	(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop	360	(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies	362	(4)
The Comics	363	(1)
Radio and Race	363	(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies	364	(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance	366	(5)
Jazz in Chicago	368	(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey	368	(1)
Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday	369	(2)
Black Graphic Art	371	(1)
Black Literature	372	(3)
Richard Wright's Native Son	373	(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright	374	(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man	374	(1)
African Americans in Sports	375	(2)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis	375	(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball	375	(2)
Black Religious Culture	377	(2)
The Nation of Islam	378	(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement	378	(1)
Conclusion	379	(3)
Review Questions	382	(1)
Recommended Reading	382	(1)
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution	383	(25)
On the Eve of War, 1936--1941	383	(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis	383	(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement	384	(1)
Executive Order #8802	385	(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces	386	(6)
The Costs of Military Discrimination	386	(2)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military	388	(1)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation	389	(2)
The Tuskegee Airmen	391	(1)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers	391	(1)
Black People on the Home Front	392	(3)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory	392	(1)
FEPC during the War	393	(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943	393	(1)
Old and New Protest Groups	394	(1)
The Cold War	395	(4)
African Americans in World Affairs: W.E.B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche	396	(1)
Anticommunism at Home	397	(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election	398	(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces	399	(1)
The Road to Brown	399	(7)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South	400	(1)
Brown and the Coming Revolution	401	(5)
Conclusion	406	(1)
Review Questions	406	(1)
Recommended Reading	407	(1)
Part VI The Black Revolution
The Freedom Movement, 1954--1965	408	(25)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice	408	(1)
Brown II	408	(2)
Massive White Resistance	409	(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till	409	(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott	410	(4)
The Roots of Revolution	410	(1)
Rosa Parks	411	(1)
Martin Luther King, Jr.	412	(1)
Walking for Freedom	413	(1)
Friends in the North	413	(1)
Victory	414	(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957--1960	414	(1)
The SCLC	414	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957	415	(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas	415	(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down	415	(4)
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta	416	(1)
The SNCC	417	(1)
Freedom Rides	418	(1)
The Movement at High Tide	419	(1)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement	419	(1)
Voter Registration Projects	420	(1)
The Albany Movement	420	(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation	421	(2)
A Hard Victory	423	(6)
The March on Washington	423	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	424	(1)
Mississippi Freedom Summer	425	(2)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	427	(1)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965	428	(1)
Conclusion	429	(3)
Review Questions	432	(1)
Recommended Reading	432	(1)
The Struggle Continues, 1965--1980	433	(33)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism	433	(4)
Malcolm X	434	(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power	435	(1)
The National Council of Churches	436	(1)
The Black Panther Party	437	(2)
Police Repression and the FBI's COINTELPRO	437	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	438	(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions	439	(3)
Watts	439	(1)
Newark, New Jersey	440	(1)
Detroit	440	(1)
The Kerner Commission	441	(1)
The Great Society and Vietnam	442	(3)
Johnson and Vietnam	443	(1)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War	443	(1)
Vietnam Destroys the Great Society	444	(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy	445	(2)
King on the Vietnam War	446	(1)
King's Murder	446	(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness	447	(4)
Poetry and Theater	448	(1)
Music	449	(2)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement	451	(2)
The Orangeburg Massacre	451	(1)
Black Studies	452	(1)
The Election of 1968	453	(1)
The Nixon Presidency	454	(3)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP	454	(1)
Busing	455	(1)
Nixon and the War	456	(1)
Nixon's Downfall	456	(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials	457	(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda	457	(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices	458	(1)
Economic Downturn	459	(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency	460	(1)
Black Appointees	460	(1)
Carter's Domestic Policies	460	(1)
Conclusion	461	(3)
Review Questions	464	(1)
Recommended Reading	464	(2)
Modern Black America, 1980 to Present	466	(29)
Progress and Poverty	466	(1)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction	467	(5)
Dismantling the Great Society	468	(1)
Black Conservatives	468	(1)
The Thomas--Hill Controversy	469	(1)
Affirmative Action	470	(1)
The Backlash	470	(2)
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction	472	(2)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition	473	(1)
Policing the Black Community	474	(3)
The Clinton Presidency	477	(2)
African-American Cultural and Intellectual Movements at the End of the Millennium	479	(9)
Black Feminism	480	(2)
Black Intellectuals	482	(1)
Afrocentricity	482	(1)
Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam	483	(2)
The Million Man and Million Woman Marches	485	(1)
Black Christianity on the Front Lines	486	(1)
The Hip-Hop Nation	487	(1)
2000 and Beyond	488	(2)
The 2000 Census and Black America	489	(1)
Reparations	489	(1)
September 11, 2001	490	(1)
Conclusion	490	(1)
Review Questions	491	(1)
Recommended Reading	491	(4)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation''	495
Appendixes	1	(1)
Additional Bibliography	1	(1)
Index	1