African Americans: A Concise History, Combined Edition

by Hine, Darlene Clark; Harrold, Stanley C; Hine, William C.

• ISBN13: 9780131925830
• ISBN10: 0131925830
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Incorporating the basic features and narrative fromThe African-American Odyssey, this concise history presents its major episodes, issues, and people. It tells a compelling story of survival, struggle, and triumph over adversityleaving readers with an appreciation of the central place of black people and culture in this country, and a better understanding of both African-American and American history.The 2 nd edition presents a broadened international perspective, offers expanded coverage of interaction among African-Americans and other ethnic groups, and includes additional material on African-Americans in the western portion of the United States. It describes African-American history from its African origins to the sixteenth century and the beginning of the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas. Succeeding chapters present the struggle of black people to maintain their humanity during the slave trade and as slaves in North America during the long colonial period. It continues through the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction.This is a compelling story of survival, struggle, and triumph over adversity. Readers will learn an appreciation of the central place of black people and black culture in this country, and a better understanding of both African-American and American history.

Table of Contents

Africa	1	(18)
The Birthplace of Humanity	1	(1)
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments	2	(3)
Egyptian Civilization	3	(1)
Kush, Meroe, and Axum	4	(1)
West Africa	5	(7)
Ancient Ghana	6	(1)
The Empire of Mali, 1230--1468	7	(1)
The Empire of Songhai, 1464--1591	8	(1)
The West African Forest Region	9	(3)
Kongo and Angola	12	(1)
West African Society and Culture	12	(3)
Families and Villages	12	(1)
Women	13	(1)
Class and Slavery	13	(1)
Religion	14	(1)
Art and Music	14	(1)
Timeline	15	(4)
Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales	17	(1)
Conclusion	17	(1)
Review Questions	18	(1)
Recommended Reading	18	(1)
Middle Passage	19	(19)
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization	19	(1)
The Slave Trade in Africa	19	(2)
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade	21	(1)
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade	21	(3)
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination	24	(6)
The Crossing	24	(1)
The Slavers	25	(1)
A Slave's Story	25	(2)
A Captain's Story	27	(1)
Provisions for the Middle Passage	27	(1)
Sanitation, Disease, and Death	28	(1)
Resistance and Revolt at Sea	28	(1)
Cruelty	29	(1)
African Women on Slave Ships	29	(1)
Landing and Sale in the West Indies	30	(1)
Seasoning	31	(2)
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas	33	(1)
Timeline	33	(2)
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade	35	(3)
Conclusion	36	(1)
Review Questions	36	(1)
Recommended Reading	36	(2)
Black People in Colonial North America, 1526--1763	38	(24)
The Peoples of North America	38	(4)
American Indians	38	(1)
The Spanish Empire	39	(1)
The British and Jamestown	40	(1)
Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake	41	(1)
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake	42	(2)
Race and the Origins of Black Slavery	42	(1)
The Emergence of Chattel Slavery	43	(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery	44	(1)
Plantation Slavery, 1700--1750	44	(4)
Low-Country Slavery	45	(3)
Slave Life in Early America	48	(1)
Miscegenation and Creolization	49	(1)
The Origins of African-American Culture	49	(4)
The Great Awakening	50	(2)
Language, Music, and Folk Literature	52	(1)
The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture	52	(1)
Slavery in the Northern Colonies	53	(1)
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana	54	(1)
African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands	55	(1)
Black Women in Colonial America	56	(1)
Black Resistance and Rebellion	57	(1)
Timeline	58	(4)
Conclusion	60	(1)
Review Questions	60	(1)
Recommended Reading	61	(1)
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763--1783	62	(17)
The Crisis of the British Empire	62	(1)
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans	63	(2)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	64	(1)
African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate	64	(1)
Black Enlightenment	65	(3)
Phillis Wheatley	66	(1)
Benjamin Banneker	67	(1)
African Americans in the War for Independence	68	(4)
Black Loyalists	69	(1)
Black Patriots	70	(2)
The Revolution and Emancipation	72	(4)
The Revolutionary Impact	73	(1)
The Revolutionary Promise	74	(2)
Timeline	76	(3)
Conclusion	77	(1)
Review Questions	77	(1)
Recommended Reading	78	(1)
African Americans in the New Nation, 1783--1820	79	(25)
Forces for Freedom	79	(6)
Northern Emancipation	80	(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	82	(1)
Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South	83	(1)
Manumission and Self-Purchase	83	(1)
The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South	84	(1)
Forces for Slavery	85	(4)
The U.S. Constitution	85	(2)
Cotton	87	(1)
The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley	87	(1)
Conservatism and Racism	88	(1)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities	89	(4)
The Origins of Independent Black Churches	90	(2)
The First Black Schools	92	(1)
Black Leaders and Choices	93	(5)
Migration	94	(1)
Slave Uprisings	95	(2)
The White Southern Reaction	97	(1)
The War of 1812	98	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	99	(1)
Timeline	100	(4)
Conclusion	102	(1)
Review Questions	102	(1)
Recommended Reading	103	(1)
Life in the Cotton Kingdom	104	(19)
The Expansion of Slavery	104	(2)
Slave Population Growth	104	(1)
Ownership of Slaves in the Old South	105	(1)
Slave Labor in Agriculture	106	(3)
Tobacco	106	(1)
Rice	106	(2)
Sugar	108	(1)
Cotton	108	(1)
Other Crops	109	(1)
House Servants and Skilled Slaves	109	(1)
Urban and Industrial Slavery	110	(1)
Punishment	111	(1)
The Domestic Slave Trade	112	(1)
Slave Families	112	(6)
Children	113	(2)
Sexual Exploitation	115	(1)
Diet	116	(1)
Clothing	116	(1)
Health	117	(1)
The Socialization of Slaves	118	(1)
Religion	118	(1)
The Character of Slavery and Slaves	119	(1)
Timeline	120	(3)
Conclusion	121	(1)
Review Questions	122	(1)
Recommended Reading	122	(1)
Free Black People in Antebellum America	123	(22)
Demographics of Freedom	123	(1)
The Jacksonian Era	124	(1)
Limited Freedom in the North	125	(4)
Black Laws	125	(2)
Disfranchisement	127	(1)
Segregation	128	(1)
Black Communities in the Urban North	129	(4)
The Black Family	129	(1)
The Struggle for Employment	129	(1)
The Northern Black Elite	130	(1)
Black Professionals	131	(1)
Artists and Musicians	131	(1)
Black Authors	132	(1)
African-American Institutions	133	(4)
Black Churches	133	(2)
Schools	135	(1)
Voluntary Associations	136	(1)
Free African Americans in the Upper South	137	(2)
Free African Americans in the Deep South	139	(3)
Free African Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West	141	(1)
Timeline	142	(3)
Conclusion	143	(1)
Review Questions	144	(1)
Recommended Reading	144	(1)
Opposition to Slavery, 1800--1833	145	(16)
A Country in Turmoil	145	(3)
Political Paranoia	145	(1)
The Second Great Awakening	146	(2)
Abolitionism Begins in America	148	(5)
From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey	149	(1)
The American Colonization Society	150	(1)
Black Nationalism and Colonization	151	(2)
Black Opposition to Colonization	153	(1)
Black Abolitionist Women	153	(1)
The Baltimore Alliance	154	(1)
David Walker's Appeal	155	(1)
Nat Turner	155	(3)
Timeline	158	(3)
Conclusion	157	(2)
Review Questions	159	(1)
Recommended Reading	159	(2)
Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833--1850	161	(18)
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence	161	(3)
Antiblack and Anti-abolitionist Riots	161	(1)
Texas and the War against Mexico	162	(2)
The Response of the Antislavery Movement	164	(2)
The American Anti-Slavery Society	164	(1)
Black and Women's Antislavery Societies	165	(1)
The Black Convention Movement	166	(1)
Black Community Institutions	166	(2)
Black Churches in the Antislavery Cause	167	(1)
Black Newspapers	167	(1)
Moral Suasion	168	(1)
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party	169	(1)
A More Aggressive Abolitionism	170	(3)
The Amistad and the Creole	171	(1)
The Underground Railroad	171	(2)
Canada West	173	(1)
Black Militancy	173	(1)
Frederick Douglass	174	(1)
Black Nationalism	175	(1)
Timeline	176	(3)
Conclusion	177	(1)
Review Questions	178	(1)
Recommended Reading	178	(1)
And Black People Were at the Heart of It: The United States Disunites over Slavery	179	(22)
The Lure of the West	179	(3)
Free Labor Versus Slave Labor	179	(1)
The Wilmot Proviso	179	(1)
California and the Compromise of 1850	180	(1)
Fugitive Slave Laws	180	(2)
Fugitive Slaves	182	(3)
William and Ellen Craft	182	(1)
Shadrach	183	(1)
The Battle at Christiana	183	(1)
Anthony Burns	184	(1)
Margaret Garner	185	(1)
The Rochester Convention, 1853	185	(1)
Nativism and the Know-Nothings	186	(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin	186	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	187	(1)
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Summer	188	(1)
The Dred Scott Decision	189	(3)
Questions for the Court	190	(1)
Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision	191	(1)
White Northerners and Black Americans	191	(1)
Abraham Lincoln and Black People	192	(1)
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry	193	(2)
The Raid	194	(1)
The Reaction	194	(1)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln	195	(2)
Black People Respond to Lincoln's Election	196	(1)
Disunion	197	(1)
Timeline	198	(3)
Conclusion	199	(1)
Review Questions	200	(1)
Recommended Reading	200	(1)
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War	201	(24)
Lincoln's Aims	201	(1)
Black Men Volunteer and are Rejected	201	(1)
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves	202	(3)
``Contraband''	202	(1)
Lincoln's Initial Position	203	(1)
Lincoln Moves Toward Emancipation	204	(1)
Lincoln Delays Emancipation	204	(1)
Black People Reject Colonization	204	(1)
The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation	205	(1)
Northern Reaction to Emancipation	205	(1)
Political Opposition to Emancipation	206	(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation	206	(2)
Limits of the Proclamation	207	(1)
Effects of the Proclamation on the South	208	(1)
Black Men Fight for the Union	208	(6)
The First South Carolina Volunteers	209	(1)
The Second South Carolina Volunteers	209	(1)
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment	210	(1)
Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination	210	(1)
Black Men in Combat	211	(1)
The Assault on Battery Wagner	212	(1)
Olustee	213	(1)
The Crater	213	(1)
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers	214	(1)
The Fort Pillow Massacre	214	(1)
Black Men in the Union Navy	215	(1)
Liberators, Spies, and Guides	215	(1)
Violent Opposition to Black People	216	(1)
The New York City Draft Riot	216	(1)
Refugees	217	(1)
Black People and the Confederacy	217	(5)
The Impressment of Black People	217	(1)
Confederates Enslave Free Black People	218	(1)
Black Confederates	218	(1)
Personal Servants	219	(1)
Black Men Fighting for the South	219	(1)
The Confederate Debate on Black Troops	220	(2)
Timeline	222	(3)
Conclusion	223	(1)
Review Questions	224	(1)
Recommended Reading	224	(1)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865--1868	225	(26)
The End of Slavery	225	(2)
Differing Reactions of Former Slaves	225	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	226	(1)
Land	227	(1)
Special Field Order #15	227	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	228	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	228	(3)
Southern Homestead Act	230	(1)
Sharecropping	230	(1)
The Black Church	231	(2)
Education	233	(3)
Black Teachers	233	(1)
Black Colleges	234	(1)
Response of White Southerners	235	(1)
Violence	236	(2)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights	238	(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson	238	(1)
Black Codes	239	(1)
Black Conventions	240	(1)
The Radical Republicans	240	(3)
Radical Proposals	242	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill	242	(1)
Johnson's Vetoes	242	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	243	(1)
Radical Reconstruction	244	(2)
Universal Manhood Suffrage	244	(1)
Black Politics	245	(1)
Sit-Ins and Strikes	245	(1)
The Reaction of White Southerners	246	(1)
Timeline	247	(4)
Conclusion	248	(1)
Review Questions	249	(1)
Recommended Reading	250	(1)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction	251	(22)
Constitutional Conventions	251	(1)
Elections	252	(1)
Black Political Leaders	252	(2)
The Issues	254	(2)
Education and Social Welfare	254	(1)
Civil Rights	255	(1)
Economic Issues	256	(1)
Land	256	(1)
Business and Industry	257	(1)
Black Politicians: An Evaluation	257	(1)
Republican Factionalism	257	(1)
Opposition	258	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	259	(2)
The West	261	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	262	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	262	(1)
The North Loses Interest	263	(1)
The Freedmen's Bank	264	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875	264	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	265	(5)
Violent Redemption	265	(1)
The Shotgun Policy	266	(1)
The Hamburg Massacre	267	(1)
The ``Compromise'' of 1877	268	(2)
Timeline	270	(3)
Conclusion	271	(1)
Review Questions	272	(1)
Recommended Reading	272	(1)
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century	273	(23)
Politics	273	(4)
Black Congressmen	273	(2)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent	275	(1)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance	276	(1)
The Populist Party	276	(1)
Disfranchisement	277	(2)
Mississippi	277	(1)
South Carolina	278	(1)
The Grandfather Clause	278	(1)
Segregation	279	(2)
Jim Crow	279	(1)
Segregation on the Railroads	280	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	280	(1)
Streetcar Segregation	281	(1)
Segregation Proliferates	281	(1)
Racial Etiquette	281	(1)
Violence	282	(3)
Washington County, Texas	282	(1)
The Phoenix Riot	282	(1)
The Wilmington Riot	283	(1)
The New Orleans Riot	283	(1)
Lynching	283	(2)
Rape	285	(1)
Migration	285	(3)
The Liberian Exodus	286	(1)
The Exodusters	286	(1)
Migration within the South	287	(1)
Black Farm Families	288	(2)
Sharecroppers	288	(1)
Renters	289	(1)
Crop Liens	289	(1)
Peonage	289	(1)
Black Landowners	289	(1)
White Resentment of Black Success	290	(1)
African Americans and Southern Courts	290	(2)
Segregated Justice	290	(1)
The Convict Lease System	291	(1)
Timeline	292	(4)
Conclusion	293	(1)
Review Questions	294	(1)
Recommended Reading	294	(2)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy	296	(31)
Social Darwinism	296	(1)
Education and Schools	296	(5)
Segregated Schools	297	(1)
The Hampton Model	298	(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model	299	(1)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model	300	(1)
Church and Religion	301	(4)
The Church as Solace and Escape	303	(1)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church	304	(1)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians	304	(1)
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers	305	(3)
Discrimination in the Army	306	(1)
The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat	306	(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers	307	(1)
Brownsville	308	(1)
African Americans in the Navy	308	(1)
The Black Cowboys	309	(1)
The Spanish-American War	309	(3)
Black Officers	310	(1)
A Splendid Little War	311	(1)
The Philippine Insurrection	312	(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs	312	(2)
African Americans and Labor	314	(2)
Unions	314	(1)
Strikes	314	(2)
Black Professionals	316	(2)
Medicine	316	(1)
The Law	317	(1)
Music	318	(2)
Ragtime	319	(1)
Jazz	319	(1)
The Blues	320	(1)
Sports	320	(3)
Jack Johnson	321	(1)
Baseball, Basketball, and Other Sports	321	(1)
College Athletics	322	(1)
Timeline	323	(4)
Conclusion	324	(1)
Review Questions	325	(1)
Recommended Reading	325	(2)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century	327	(34)
Race and the Progressive Movement	327	(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach	327	(3)
Washington's Influence	328	(1)
The Tuskegee Machine	329	(1)
Opposition to Washington	330	(1)
W. E. B. Du Bois	331	(2)
The Souls of Black Folk	331	(1)
The Talented Tenth	332	(1)
The Niagara Movement	332	(1)
The NAACP	333	(3)
Washington versus the NAACP	335	(1)
The Urban League	336	(1)
Black Women and the Club Movement	336	(2)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism	337	(1)
Women's Suffrage	337	(1)
The Black Elite	338	(1)
The American Negro Academy	338	(1)
Presidential Politics	339	(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I	340	(4)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico	340	(1)
World War I	341	(1)
Black Troops and Officers	341	(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects	342	(1)
Du Bois's Disappointment	343	(1)
Race Riots	344	(6)
Atlanta 1906	344	(2)
Springfield 1908	346	(1)
East St. Louis 1917	346	(1)
Houston 1917	347	(2)
Chicago 1919	349	(1)
Elaine 1919	349	(1)
Tulsa 1921	349	(1)
Rosewood 1923	349	(1)
The Great Migration	350	(3)
Destinations	352	(1)
Migration from the Caribbean	353	(1)
Northern Communities	353	(3)
Chicago	354	(1)
Harlem	355	(1)
Families	356	(1)
Timeline	357	(4)
Conclusion	358	(1)
Review Questions	359	(1)
Recommended Reading	359	(2)
African Americans and the 1920s	361	(23)
Strikes and the Red Scare	361	(1)
Varieties of Racism	361	(2)
Scientific Racism	362	(1)
The Birth of a Nation	362	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	362	(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s	363	(1)
The NAACP	364	(5)
``Up You Mighty Race'': Marcus Garvey and the UNIA	365	(3)
Pan-Africanism	368	(1)
Labor	369	(3)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters	370	(1)
A. Philip Randolph	371	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance	372	(5)
Before Harlem	372	(1)
Writers and Artists	373	(2)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance	375	(2)
Harlem and the Jazz Age	377	(2)
Song, Dance, and Stage	378	(1)
Sports	379	(1)
Rube Foster	379	(1)
College Sports	380	(1)
Timeline	380	(4)
Conclusion	382	(1)
Review Questions	382	(1)
Recommended Reading	383	(1)
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal	384	(24)
The Cataclysm, 1929--1933	384	(4)
Harder Times for Black America	384	(2)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival	386	(1)
The Failure of Relief	387	(1)
Black Protest during the Great Depression	388	(5)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy	389	(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts	389	(3)
Black Women and Community Organizing	392	(1)
African Americans and the New Deal	393	(6)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933--1935	394	(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal	395	(1)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal	396	(1)
African Americans and the Second New Deal	397	(2)
Organized Labor and Black America	399	(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans	400	(3)
The International Labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys''	401	(1)
Debating Communist Leadership	402	(1)
The National Negro Congress	403	(1)
The Tuskegee Study	403	(1)
Timeline	404	(4)
Conclusion	406	(1)
Review Questions	406	(1)
Recommended Reading	406	(2)
Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s	408	(24)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City	408	(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism	409	(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop	409	(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies	411	(4)
The Comics	411	(1)
Radio and Race	412	(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies	413	(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance	415	(5)
Jazz in Chicago	417	(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey	417	(1)
Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday	418	(2)
Black Graphic Art	420	(1)
Black Literature	420	(3)
Richard Wright's Native Son	421	(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright	422	(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man	423	(1)
African Americans in Sports	423	(3)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis	424	(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball	425	(1)
Black Religious Culture	426	(2)
The Nation of Islam	426	(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement	427	(1)
Timeline	428	(4)
Conclusion	430	(1)
Review Questions	430	(1)
Recommended Reading	431	(1)
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution	432	(22)
On the Eve of War, 1936--1941	432	(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis	432	(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement	433	(1)
Executive Order #8802	434	(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces	435	(6)
Institutional Racism in the American Military	435	(1)
The Costs of Military Discrimination	436	(2)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military	438	(1)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation	439	(1)
The Tuskegee Airmen	440	(1)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers	441	(1)
Black People on the Home Front	441	(4)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory	442	(1)
The FEPC during the War	443	(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943	443	(1)
Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front	444	(1)
The Transition to Peace	445	(1)
The Cold War and International Politics	445	(5)
African Americans in World Affairs: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche	446	(1)
Anticommunism at Home	447	(1)
Paul Robeson	447	(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election	448	(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces	449	(1)
Timeline	450	(4)
Conclusion	451	(1)
Review Questions	452	(1)
Recommended Reading	452	(2)
The Freedom Movement, 1954--1965	454	(29)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice	454	(1)
The Road to Brown	454	(4)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South	455	(2)
Brown and the Coming Revolution	457	(1)
Brown II	458	(2)
Massive White Resistance	459	(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till	459	(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott	460	(4)
The Roots of Revolution	461	(1)
Rosa Parks	461	(1)
Montgomery Improvement Association	462	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr.	462	(1)
Walking for Freedom	462	(1)
Friends in the North	463	(1)
Victory	464	(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957--1960	464	(1)
Martin Luther King and the SCLC	464	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957	465	(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas	465	(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down	465	(3)
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta	465	(2)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	467	(1)
Freedom Rides	468	(1)
A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide	468	(2)
The Election of 1960	469	(1)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement	469	(1)
Voter Registration Projects	470	(1)
The Albany Movement	470	(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation	471	(1)
A Hard Victory	472	(6)
The March on Washington	473	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	474	(1)
Mississippi Freedom Summer	475	(1)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	476	(1)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965	476	(2)
Timeline	478	(5)
Conclusion	481	(1)
Review Questions	481	(1)
Recommended Reading	482	(1)
The Struggle Continues, 1965--1980	483	(31)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism	483	(4)
Malcolm X	484	(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power	485	(1)
The National Council of Churches	486	(1)
The Black Panther Party	487	(2)
Police Repression and the FBI's Cointelpro	487	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	488	(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions	489	(3)
Watts	489	(1)
Newark	490	(1)
Detroit	490	(1)
The Kerner Commission	491	(1)
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society	492	(1)
Johnson and the War in Vietnam	493	(1)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War	493	(1)
Project 100,000	493	(1)
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society	494	(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy	495	(2)
King on the Vietnam War	496	(1)
King's Murder	496	(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness	497	(3)
Poetry and Theater	498	(1)
Music	499	(1)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement	500	(2)
The Orangeburg Massacre	500	(1)
Black Studies	501	(1)
The Election of 1968	502	(1)
The Nixon Presidency	503	(3)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP	503	(1)
Busing	504	(1)
Nixon and the War	505	(1)
Nixon's Downfall	506	(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials	506	(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda	507	(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices	507	(1)
Economic Downturn	508	(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency	508	(2)
Black Appointees	509	(1)
Carter's Domestic Policies	509	(1)
Timeline	510	(4)
Conclusion	512	(1)
Review Questions	512	(1)
Recommended Reading	513	(1)
Black Politics, White Backlash, 1980 to the Present	514	(23)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction	514	(5)
Dismantling the Great Society	514	(1)
The Thomas--Hill Controversy	515	(1)
Debating the ``Old'' and the ``New'' Civil Rights	516	(1)
Affirmative Action	517	(1)
The Backlash	517	(2)
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction	519	(1)
The King Holiday	519	(1)
TransAfrica and the Antiapartheid Movement	519	(1)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition	520	(2)
Policing the Black Community	522	(2)
Human Rights in America	523	(1)
Police Director Hubert Williams of Newark	524	(1)
The Clinton Presidency	524	(3)
``It's the Economy, Stupid!''	525	(1)
Clinton Signs the Welfare Reform Act	526	(1)
Republicans Challenge Clinton	526	(1)
Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000 Presidential Election	527	(1)
Gore v. Bush	527	(1)
Republican Triumph	528	(4)
President George W. Bush's Black Cabinet	528	(1)
Education Reform: Leave No Child Behind	529	(1)
Reparations	529	(1)
HIV/AIDS in America and Africa	530	(1)
September 11, 2001	531	(1)
The War in Iraq	531	(1)
The 2004 Presidential Election	532	(1)
Timeline	533	(4)
Conclusion	535	(1)
Review Questions	535	(1)
Recommended Reading	536	(1)
African Americans at the Dawn of a New Millennium	537	(22)
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health	537	(4)
High-Achieving African Americans	537	(1)
African Americans' Growing Economic Security	538	(1)
The Persistence of Black Poverty	539	(1)
Racial Incarceration	539	(1)
Education One-Half Century after Brown	539	(1)
The Health Gap	540	(1)
African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture	541	(3)
The Hip-Hop Nation	542	(1)
Origins of a New Music: A Generation Defines Itself	543	(1)
Rap Music Goes Mainstream	543	(1)
Gansta Rap	544	(1)
African-American Intellectuals	544	(2)
Afrocentricity	545	(1)
African-American Studies Matures	545	(1)
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium	546	(3)
Black Christians on the Front Line	547	(1)
Tensions in the Black Church	547	(1)
Black Muslims	548	(1)
Louis Farrakahn and the Nation of Islam	549	(1)
Millennium Marches	550	(1)
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century	550	(5)
Immigration and African Americans	552	(1)
Black Feminism	553	(2)
Gay and Lesbian African Americans	555	(1)
Timeline	555	(4)
Conclusion	557	(1)
Review Questions	557	(1)
Recommended Reading	558	(1)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation''	559
Appendix	1	(1)
Additional Bibliography	1	(1)
Index	1