African Peace Process Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi

by Southall, Roger; Bentley, Kristina

• ISBN13: 9780796920904
• ISBN10: 0796920907
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-01
• Publisher: HSRC Press

Summary

The origins and nature of the civil war between the Tutsi ruling minority and the Hutu majority in Burundi are the focus in this analysis. Chapters discuss the problems of establishing democracy, the weapon of genocide, and the role of Nelson Mandela as a mediator between the warring sides with the hope of promoting demilitarization and a sustained peace.

Author Biography

Roger Southall is a professor with the Democracy and Governance (D&G) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) and a member of the HSRC's research management team. Kristina Bentley is a senior research specialist in the Democracy and Governance Research Programme of the HSRC.

Table of Contents

Foreword by Nelson Mandela	ix
Preface	xi
Acknowledgements	xv
About the authors	xvii
List of abbreviations	xviii
1 South Africa's role in the Burundi peace process: why does it matter?	1	(4)
2 International intervention in Burundi: background considerations	5	(16)
The legal basis for international interventions in conflict-torn countries	6	(2)
The United Nations in Burundi: the limits to action	8	(4)
The regional context of South African involvement in Burundi	12	(9)
3 War and the decline of human security in Burundi	21	(10)
Geographic and economic fundamentals	21	(1)
The socio-economic impact of war	22	(2)
Violations of human rights	24	(4)
The international response	28	(3)
4 The roots of the crisis	31	(18)
From ethnicity to race?	32	(8)
The Hutu revolution in Rwanda	40	(1)
Counter-revolution in Burundi: political struggles after independence	41	(4)
The general election of 1993	45	(4)
5 Democracy aborted: from coup to civil war	49	(6)
The 'creeping coup' of 1993-94	49	(6)
6 Arusha I: background to the Arusha Peace Accord	55	(8)
Early summits: Mwanza and Arusha I, April-July 1996	57	(2)
The road to Arusha II, August 1996-June 1998	59	(4)
7 The Arusha II negotiations: from Nyerere to Mandela	63	(8)
Who should be allowed to talk? The issue of inclusion	63	(2)
Talking through committees	65	(6)
8 Madiba magic? Nelson Mandela's role as mediator	71	(14)
Weaving the magic: Mandela's approach to the negotiations	73	(4)
The signing of the Arusha Agreement	77	(2)
The signing of a ceasefire	79	(2)
The Donors' Conference of December 2000	81	(1)
Towards the transition	82	(3)
9 South Africa's continuing role	85	(6)
'Our boys in Burundi'	85	(3)
From protection to peacekeeping	88	(1)
Building on Madiba: South Africa's continuing diplomacy	89	(2)
10 Burundi's fragile transition: from Buyoya to Ndayizeye	91	(10)
Regional attempts to stabilise the transition	92	(1)
Ceasefire agreements between the government and three rebel groups	93	(1)
The (limited) deployment of the African Union Peacekeeping Force	94	(1)
The Presidential transition from Buyoya to Ndayizeye	95	(6)
11 Burundi's transition under Ndayizeye: from impasse to a fragile deal	101	(28)
Regional differences in the lead up to the September 2003 Summit	102	(5)
Consultative talks at Sun City, 21-24 August 2003	107	(1)
The Regional Summit of 15-16 September: the end of the road for Arusha?	108	(4)
Sunshine after the rain? The making of a deal	112	(4)
Faltering forward steps: the FNL talks to Ndayizeye	116	(4)
The regional imbroglio: one step forward, two steps back?	120	(9)
12 The contradictory dynamics of democratisation and demilitarisation	129	(20)
Cantonments and reform of the army	131	(2)
Refugees, resettlement and the challenge of domestic order	133	(3)
The conduct of prospective elections	136	(4)
Political competition and electoral dynamics	140	(3)
The prospects for peace	143	(1)
Can Burundi's elites make a pact for peace?	144	(2)
Towards a 'generosity moment'?	146	(1)
Towards reconciliation?	147	(2)
13 Burundian civil society and South African linkages	149	(14)
Civil society in Burundi	150	(2)
The exclusion of civil society from the peace process	152	(2)
ACCORD'S engagement in Burundi	154	(4)
The involvement of the Action Support Centre in Burundi	158	(1)
Knocking on the door: calls from civil society for inclusion in the peace process	159	(4)
14 Sustaining the peace: lessons from South Africa?	163	(28)
Overcoming race and ethnicity as tools of division	164	(5)
A reconciliation with history	169	(2)
Amnesty and justice: will a Truth Commission work for Burundi?	171	(5)
Military dominance, minority rule and human rights	176	(3)
Material inequality and the need for redress	179	(3)
Achieving civic responsibility	182	(9)
15 Concluding observations: Mandela, South Africa and Burundi	191	(8)
Mandela's contribution	191	(3)
South Africa's involvement in Burundi	194	(1)
Working for peace: the responsibility of Burundians	195	(4)
Postscript: 'We cannot accept to die like hens' - Tutsi fears and regional peace	199	(10)
'The last steps are the hardest': Tutsi parties baulk at election	200	(3)
Crisis in the Great Lakes	203	(6)
Bibliography and other sources	209