African-American Odyssey, The: Volume I (Chapters 1-13)

by Hine, Darlene Clark; Hine, William C.; Harrold, Stanley

• ISBN13: 9780131922150
• ISBN10: 0131922157
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This 3 rd edition ofThe African-American Odysseyincludes not only a CD-ROM-bound into every book (which incorporates over 150 documents in African American history), but also has a broadened international perspective, expanded coverage of interaction among African Americans and other ethnic groups, and new material on African Americans in the western portion of the United States. Free access to Research Navigator is included. This allows readers to access this powerful research tool with one site. Written by leading scholars,The African-American Odysseyis a clear and comprehensive narrative of African-American history, from its African roots through the Civil War. Succeeding volumes carry on this theme through the modern era. This book places African-American history in the context and at the center of American History.Balancing accounts of the actions of African-American leaders with investigations of the lives of the ordinary men and women in black communities, exciting and readable coverage includes: African-American history from its African origins to the sixteenth century and the beginning of the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas. Succeeding chapters present the struggle of black people to maintain their humanity during the slave trade and as slaves in North America during the long colonial period. It continues through the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction.This is a compelling story of survival, struggle, and triumph over adversity. Readers will learn an appreciation of the central place of black people and black culture in this country, and a better understanding of both African-American and American history.

Table of Contents

PART I Becoming African American	1	(131)
Africa	2	(24)
A Huge and Diverse Land	4	(1)
The Birthplace of Humanity	4	(2)
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments	6	(4)
Egyptian Civilization	7	(2)
Kush, Meroe, and Axum	9	(1)
West Africa	10	(2)
Ancient Ghana	10	(1)
The Empire of Mali, 1230--1468	11	(1)
Voices Al Bakri Describes Kumbi Saleh and Ghana's Royal Court	12	(5)
The Empire of Songhai, 1464--1591	13	(1)
The West African Forest Region	14	(3)
Kongo and Angola	17	(1)
Voices A Dutch Visitor Describes Benin City	18	(1)
West African Society and Culture	18	(1)
Families and Villages	18	(1)
Profile Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo	19	(7)
Women	20	(1)
Class and Slavery	20	(1)
Religion	21	(1)
Art and Music	21	(1)
Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales	22	(1)
Conclusion	23	(1)
Recommended Reading	24	(1)
Additional Bibliography	24	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	25	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	25	(1)
Middle Passage	26	(24)
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization	28	(1)
The Slave Trade in Africa	29	(1)
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade	30	(2)
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade	32	(2)
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination	34	(3)
The Crossing	36	(1)
The Slavers	36	(1)
A Slave's Story	36	(1)
Profile Olaudah Equiano	37	(3)
A Captain's Story	38	(1)
Provisions for the Middle Passage	39	(1)
Sanitation, Disease, and Death	39	(1)
Voices The Journal of a Dutch Slaver	40	(1)
Profile Ayuba Sulieman Diallo	41	(2)
Resistance and Revolt at Sea	42	(1)
Cruelty	43	(1)
African Women on Slave Ships	43	(1)
Landing and Sale in the West Indies	43	(1)
Seasoning	44	(2)
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas	46	(1)
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade	47	(3)
Conclusion	48	(1)
Recommended Reading	48	(1)
Additional Bibliography	48	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	49	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	49	(1)
Black People in Colonial North America, 1526--1763	50	(28)
The Peoples of North America	53	(3)
American Indians	53	(1)
The Spanish Empire	54	(1)
The British and Jamestown	54	(1)
Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake	55	(1)
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake	56	(2)
Race and the Origins of Black Slavery	56	(1)
The Emergence of Chattel Slavery	57	(1)
Profile Anthony Johnson	58	(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery	59	(1)
Plantation Slavery, 1700--1750	59	(3)
Tobacco Colonies	59	(1)
Low-Country Slavery	60	(2)
Voices A Description of an Eighteenth-Century Virginia Plantation	62	(1)
Slave Life in Early America	63	(1)
Miscegenation and Creolization	63	(1)
The Origins of African-American Culture	64	(4)
The Great Awakening	65	(2)
Language, Music, and Folk Literature	67	(1)
The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture	67	(1)
Slavery in the Northern Colonies	68	(1)
Voices A Poem by Jupiter Hammon	68	(1)
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana	69	(2)
African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands	71	(1)
Black Women in Colonial America	72	(1)
Black Resistance and Rebellion	72	(6)
Conclusion	74	(1)
Recommended Reading	75	(1)
Additional Bibliography	75	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	77	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	77	(1)
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763--1783	78	(24)
The Crisis of the British Empire	81	(2)
Profile Crispus Attacks	83	(1)
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans	84	(2)
The Impact of the Enlightenment	84	(1)
African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate	85	(1)
Black Enlightenment	86	(1)
Voices Boston's Slaves Link Their Freedom to American Liberty	86	(2)
Phillis Wheatley	87	(1)
Benjamin Banneker	87	(1)
Voices Phillis Wheatley on Liberty and Natural Rights	88	(1)
African Americans in the War for Independence	89	(4)
Black Loyalists	89	(2)
Black Patriots	91	(2)
The Revolution and Emancipation	93	(9)
The Revolutionary Impact	94	(2)
The Revolutionary Promise	96	(1)
Conclusion	97	(1)
Recommended Reading	98	(1)
Additional Bibliography	99	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	100	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	100	(2)
African Americans in the New Nation, 1783--1820	102	(30)
Forces for Freedom	105	(3)
Northern Emancipation	105	(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	107	(1)
Profile Elizabeth Freeman	108	(3)
Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South	109	(1)
Manumission and Self-Purchase	109	(1)
The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South	110	(1)
Forces for Slavery	111	(3)
The U.S. Constitution	111	(1)
Cotton	112	(1)
The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley	112	(1)
Conservatism and Racism	113	(1)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities	114	(2)
The Origins of Independent Black Churches	115	(1)
Voices Richard Allen on the Break with St. George's Church	116	(2)
The First Black Schools	117	(1)
Voices Absalom Jones Petitions Congress on Behalf of Fugitives Facing Reenslavement	118	(1)
Black Leaders and Choices	119	(1)
Migration	119	(1)
Profile James Forten	120	(3)
Slave Uprisings	121	(1)
The White Southern Reaction	122	(1)
The War of 1812	123	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	124	(8)
Conclusion	126	(1)
Recommended Reading	126	(1)
Additional Bibliography	127	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	128	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	128	(2)
The Voyage to Slavery	130	(2)
PART II Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793--1861	132	(124)
Life in the Cotton Kingdom	134	(26)
The Expansion of Slavery	136	(1)
Profile Solomon Northup	137	(2)
Slave Population Growth	138	(1)
Ownership of Slaves in the Old South	139	(1)
Slave Labor in Agriculture	139	(4)
Tobacco	140	(1)
Rice	141	(1)
Sugar	141	(1)
Cotton	141	(2)
Other Crops	143	(1)
House Servants and Skilled Slaves	143	(1)
Urban and Industrial Slavery	144	(2)
Punishment	146	(1)
The Domestic Slave Trade	147	(1)
Profile William Ellison	147	(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass on the Readiness of Masters to Use the Whip	148	(1)
Slave Families	149	(1)
Voices A Slaveholder Describes a New Purchase	150	(4)
Children	150	(1)
Sexual Exploitation	151	(1)
Diet	152	(1)
Clothing	153	(1)
Health	153	(1)
The Socialization of Slaves	154	(1)
Religion	154	(1)
The Character of Slavery and Slaves	155	(5)
Conclusion	157	(1)
Recommended Reading	157	(1)
Additional Bibliography	158	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	159	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	159	(1)
Free Black People in Antebellum America	160	(28)
Demographics of Freedom	162	(2)
The Jacksonian Era	164	(1)
Limited Freedom in the North	165	(4)
Black Laws	166	(1)
Disfranchisement	167	(1)
Segregation	168	(1)
Black Communities in the Urban North	169	(3)
The Black Family	170	(1)
The Struggle for Employment	170	(1)
The Northern Black Elite	171	(1)
Voices Maria W. Stewart on the Condition of Black Workers	172	(2)
Black Professionals	172	(1)
Artists and Musicians	173	(1)
Black Authors	174	(1)
African-American Institutions	174	(2)
Black Churches	175	(1)
Profile Stephen Smith and William Whipper	176	(2)
Schools	177	(1)
Voices The Constitution of the Pittsburgh African Education Society	178	(1)
Voluntary Associations	179	(1)
Free African Americans in the Upper South	179	(3)
Free African Americans in the Deep South	182	(6)
Free African Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West	183	(1)
Conclusion	184	(1)
Recommended Reading	184	(1)
Additional Bibliography	185	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	186	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	186	(2)
Opposition to Slavery, 1800--1833	188	(20)
A Country in Turmoil	190	(4)
Political Paranoia	191	(2)
The Second Great Awakening	193	(1)
The Benevolent Empire	194	(1)
Abolitionism Begins in America	194	(5)
From Gabriel to Demark Vesey	195	(2)
The American Colonization Society	197	(1)
Black Nationalism and Colonization	197	(1)
Black Opposition to Colonization	198	(1)
Black Abolitionist Women	199	(1)
Profile Maria Stewart	199	(1)
Voices A Black Woman Speaks Out on the Right to Education	200	(1)
The Baltimore Alliance	201	(1)
David Walker's Appeal	201	(1)
Voices William Watkins Opposes Colonization	202	(1)
Nat Turner	202	(1)
Profile David Walker	203	(5)
Conclusion	204	(1)
Recommended Reading	205	(1)
Additional Bibliography	205	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	206	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	207	(1)
Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833--1850	208	(22)
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence	210	(2)
Antiblack and Anti-abolitionist Riots	211	(1)
Texas and the War against Mexico	211	(1)
The Response of the Antislavery Movement	212	(1)
The American-Anti-Slavery Society	213	(1)
Profile Henry Highland Garnet	213	(3)
Black and Women's Antislavery Societies	215	(1)
The Black Convention Movement	215	(1)
Profile Sojourner Truth	216	(1)
Black Community Institutions	216	(2)
Black Churches in the Antislavery Cause	217	(1)
Black Newspapers	217	(1)
Moral Suasion	218	(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass Describes an Awkward Situation	218	(1)
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party	219	(1)
A More Aggressive Abolitionism	220	(3)
The Amistad and the Creole	220	(1)
The Underground Railroad	221	(1)
Canada West	222	(1)
Black Militancy	223	(1)
Voices Martin R. Delany Describes His Vision of a Black Nation	224	(1)
Frederick Douglass	224	(1)
Black Nationalism	225	(5)
Conclusion	226	(1)
Recommended Reading	226	(1)
Additional Bibliography	227	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	228	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	228	(2)
``And Black People Were at the Heart of It'': The United States Disunites over Slavery	230	(26)
The Lure of the West	232	(4)
Free Labor versus Slave Labor	233	(1)
The Wilmot Proviso	233	(1)
California and the Compromise of 1850	233	(1)
Fugitive Slave Laws	234	(2)
Voices African Americans Respond to the Fugitive Slave Law	236	(1)
Fugitive Slaves	236	(2)
William and Ellen Craft	237	(1)
Shadrach	237	(1)
The Battle at Christiana	237	(1)
Profile Thomas Sims, a Fugitive Slave	238	(1)
Anthony Burns	238	(1)
Margaret Garner	239	(1)
The Rochester Convention, 1853	239	(1)
Nativism and the Know-Nothings	240	(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin	240	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	241	(1)
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner	241	(2)
The Dred Scott Decision	243	(2)
Questions for the Court	243	(1)
Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision	244	(1)
White Northerners and Black Americans	244	(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates	245	(1)
Abraham Lincoln and Black People	245	(1)
Profile Martin Delany	246	(1)
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry	247	(1)
Planning the Raid	247	(1)
The Raid	247	(1)
The Reaction	248	(1)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln	248	(1)
Black People Respond to Lincoln's Election	249	(1)
Disunion	249	(7)
Conclusion	250	(1)
Recommended Reading	251	(1)
Additional Bibliography	251	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	252	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	252	(2)
Speaking Out Against Slavery	254	(2)
PART III The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution	256	(80)
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War	258	(30)
Lincoln's Aims	261	(1)
Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected	261	(1)
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves	261	(4)
``Contraband''	262	(1)
Lincoln's Initial Position	262	(1)
Lincoln Moves Toward Emancipation	263	(1)
Lincoln Delays Emancipation	263	(1)
Black People Reject Colonization	264	(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation	265	(4)
Limits of the Proclamation	266	(1)
Effects of the Proclamation on the South	267	(2)
Profile Elizabeth Keckley	269	(1)
Black Men Fight for the Union	269	(5)
The First South Carolina Volunteers	270	(1)
The Second South Carolina Volunteers	271	(1)
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment	271	(1)
Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination	271	(2)
Black Men in Combat	273	(1)
The Assault on Battery Wagner	273	(1)
Voices Lewis Douglass Describes the Fighting at Battery Wagner	274	(1)
Olustee	275	(1)
The Crater	275	(1)
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers	275	(2)
The Abuse and Murder of Black Troops	275	(1)
The Fort Pillow Massacre	276	(1)
Black Men in the Union Navy	277	(1)
Liberators, Spies, and Guides	277	(1)
Profile Harriet Tubman	278	(1)
Violent Opposition to the Black People	279	(1)
The New York City Draft Riot	279	(1)
Union Troops and Slaves	279	(1)
Refugees	279	(1)
Black People and the Confederacy	280	(8)
The Impressment of Black People	280	(1)
Confederates Enslave Free Black People	280	(1)
Black Confederates	281	(1)
Personal Servants	281	(1)
Black Men Fighting for the South	281	(1)
Black Opposition to the Confederacy	282	(1)
The Confederate Debate on Black Troops	282	(2)
Conclusion	284	(1)
Recommended Reading	284	(1)
Additional Bibliography	285	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	286	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	286	(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865--1868	288	(24)
The End of Slavery	290	(2)
Differing Reactions of Former Slaves	291	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	291	(1)
Land	292	(1)
Special Field Order #15	292	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	292	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	293	(1)
Voices A Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner Tells Freed People What Freedom Means	294	(1)
Southern Homestead Act	294	(1)
Sharecropping	295	(1)
The Black Church	295	(3)
Education	298	(1)
Black Teachers	298	(1)
Black Colleges	299	(1)
Response of White Southerners	299	(1)
Violence	299	(1)
Voices A Northern Black Woman on Teaching Freedmen	300	(1)
Profile Charlotte E. Ray	301	(1)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights	302	(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson	302	(1)
Profile Aaron A. Bradley	303	(1)
Black Codes	304	(1)
Black Conventions	304	(1)
The Radical Republicans	304	(2)
Radical Proposals	305	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill	305	(1)
Johnson's Vetoes	306	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	306	(1)
Radical Reconstruction	306	(2)
Universal Manhood Suffrage	307	(1)
Black Politics	307	(1)
Sit-Ins and Strikes	307	(1)
The Reaction of White Southerners	308	(4)
Conclusion	308	(1)
Recommended Reading	309	(1)
Additional Bibliography	309	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	310	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	310	(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction	312	(24)
Constitutional Conventions	314	(2)
Elections	315	(1)
Black Political Leaders	315	(1)
The Issues	316	(1)
Education and Social Welfare	316	(1)
Civil Rights	317	(1)
Economic Issues	317	(1)
Profile The Gibbs Brothers	318	(1)
Land	319	(1)
Business and Industry	319	(1)
Black Politicians: An Evaluation	319	(1)
Republican Factionalism	319	(1)
Profile The Rollin Sisters	320	(1)
Opposition	321	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	321	(2)
The West	323	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	323	(1)
Voices An Appeal For Help Against the Klan	324	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	324	(1)
The North Loses Interest	325	(1)
Voices Black Leaders Support the Passage of a Civil Rights Act	326	(1)
The Freemen's Bank	326	(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875	327	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	327	(9)
Violent Redemption	328	(1)
The Shotgun Policy	328	(1)
The Hamburg Massacre	329	(1)
The ``Compromise'' of 1877	330	(1)
Conclusion	330	(1)
Recommended Reading	331	(1)
Additional Bibliography	332	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	333	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	333	(1)
Higher Education for African Americans Begins	334	(2)
PART IV Searching for Safe Spaces	336	(122)
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century	338	(26)
Politics	341	(3)
Black Congressmen	342	(1)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent	342	(1)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance	343	(1)
The Populist Party	343	(1)
Disfranchisement	344	(2)
Evading the Fifteenth Amendment	345	(1)
Mississippi	345	(1)
South Carolina	345	(1)
The Grandfather Clause	346	(1)
Segregation	346	(2)
Jim Crow	346	(1)
Segregation on the Railroads	347	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	347	(1)
Voices Majority and Dissenting Opinions on Plessy v. Ferguson	348	(1)
Streetcar Segregation	348	(1)
Segregation Proliferates	349	(1)
Racial Etiquette	349	(1)
Violence	350	(2)
Washington County, Texas	350	(1)
The Phoenix Riot	350	(1)
The Wilmington Riot	350	(1)
The New Orleans Riot	350	(1)
Lynching	351	(1)
Rape	352	(1)
Migration	352	(1)
Profile Ida Wells Barnett	353	(3)
The Liberian Exodus	354	(1)
The Exodusters	354	(1)
Migration within the South	355	(1)
Black Farm Families	356	(2)
Sharecroppers	356	(1)
Renters	356	(1)
Crop Liens	357	(1)
Peonage	357	(1)
Black Landowners	357	(1)
White Resentment of Black Success	357	(1)
Voices Cash and Debt for the Black Cotton Farmer	358	(1)
African Americans and Southern Courts	358	(1)
Segregated Justice	358	(1)
Profile Johnson C. Whittaker	359	(5)
The Convict Lease System	361	(1)
Conclusion	361	(1)
Recommended Reading	362	(1)
Additional Bibliography	362	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	363	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	363	(1)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy	364	(30)
Social Darwinism	366	(1)
Education and Schools	367	(3)
Segregated Schools	368	(1)
The Hampton Model	368	(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model	369	(1)
Voices Thomas E. Miller and the Mission of the Black Land-Grant College	370	(1)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model	370	(1)
Church and Religion	371	(3)
The Church as Solace and Escape	372	(1)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church	373	(1)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians	373	(1)
Profile Henry McNeal Turner	374	(1)
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers	375	(3)
Discrimination in the Army	376	(1)
The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat	376	(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers	377	(1)
Brownsville	377	(1)
African Americans in the Navy	378	(1)
The Black Cowboys	378	(1)
The Spanish-American War	378	(2)
Voices Black Men in Battle in Cuba	380	(1)
Black Officers	380	(1)
A Splendid Little War	381	(1)
After the War	381	(1)
The Philippine Insurrection	381	(1)
Would Black Men Fight Brown Men?	381	(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs	382	(1)
Profile Maggie Lena Walker	383	(1)
African Americans and Labor	384	(1)
Unions	384	(1)
Strikes	384	(1)
Black Professionals	385	(2)
Medicine	385	(1)
The Law	386	(1)
Music	387	(1)
Ragtime	387	(1)
Jazz	387	(1)
The Blues	388	(1)
Sports	388	(6)
Jack Johnson	388	(1)
Baseball	389	(1)
Basketball and Other Sports	389	(1)
College Athletics	390	(1)
Conclusion	390	(1)
Recommended Reading	391	(1)
Additional Bibliography	392	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	393	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	393	(1)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century	394	(36)
Race and the Progressive Movement	397	(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach	397	(2)
Washington's Influence	398	(1)
The Tuskegee Machine	398	(1)
Opposition to Washington	399	(1)
Voices W.E.B. Du Bois on Being Black in America	400	(1)
W.E.B. Du Bois	400	(2)
The Souls of Black Folk	401	(1)
The Talented Tenth	401	(1)
The Niagara Movement	402	(1)
NAACP	402	(2)
Using the System	403	(1)
Du Bois and The Crisis	403	(1)
Washington versus the NAACP	403	(1)
The Urban League	404	(1)
Black Women and the Club Movement	404	(2)
The NACW: ``Lifting as We Climb''	405	(1)
Phillis Wheatley Clubs	405	(1)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism	405	(1)
Women's Suffrage	405	(1)
Profile Mary Church Terrell	406	(1)
The Black Elite	407	(1)
The American Negro Academy	407	(1)
The Upper Class	407	(1)
Profile Lewis Latimer, Black Inventor	408	(1)
Fraternities and Sororities	409	(1)
Presidential Politics	409	(1)
Frustrated by the Republicans	409	(1)
Woodrow Wilson	409	(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I	409	(1)
Profile George Washington Carver and Ernest Everett Just	410	(4)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico	411	(1)
World War I	411	(1)
Black Troops and Officers	412	(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects	412	(1)
Du Bois's Disappointment	413	(1)
Race Riots	414	(5)
Atlanta 1906	415	(1)
Springfield 1908	415	(1)
East St. Louis 1917	416	(1)
Houston 1917	417	(1)
Chicago 1919	417	(1)
Elaine 1919	417	(1)
Tulsa 1921	418	(1)
Rosewood 1923	418	(1)
The Great Migration	419	(1)
Why Migrate?	419	(1)
Voices A Migrant to the North Writes Home	420	(2)
Destinations	421	(1)
Migration from the Caribbean	422	(1)
Northern Communities	422	(3)
Chicago	422	(1)
Harlem	423	(2)
Families	425	(5)
Conclusion	425	(1)
Recommended Reading	426	(1)
Additional Bibliography	426	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	428	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	429	(1)
African Americans and the 1920s	430	(28)
Strikes and the Red Scare	433	(1)
Varieties of Racism	433	(2)
Scientific Racism	433	(1)
The Birth of a Nation	434	(1)
The Ku Klux Klan	434	(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s	435	(1)
The NAACP	435	(1)
Voices The Negro National Anthem: Lift Every Voice and Sing	436	(1)
``Up You Mighty Race'': Marcus Garvey and the UNIA	436	(1)
Profile James Weldon Johnson	437	(3)
Voices Marcus Garvey Appeals for a New African Nation	440	(1)
Pan-Africanism	440	(1)
Labor	441	(3)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters	442	(1)
A. Philip Randolph	443	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance	444	(4)
Before Harlem	444	(1)
Writers and Artists	445	(2)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance	447	(1)
Harlem and the Jazz Age	448	(2)
Song, Dance, and Stage	449	(1)
Profile Bessie Smith	450	(1)
Sports	451	(7)
Rube Foster	451	(2)
College Sports	453	(1)
Conclusion	453	(1)
Recommended Reading	454	(1)
Additional Bibliography	454	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	455	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	455	(1)
Going Back to Africa	456	(2)
PART V The Great Depression and World War II	458	(86)
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal	460	(28)
The Cataclysm, 1929--1933	462	(5)
Harder Times for Black America	463	(1)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival	464	(2)
The Failure of Relief	466	(1)
Black Protest during the Great Depression	467	(3)
The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles	467	(1)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy	467	(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts	468	(1)
Black Women and Community Organizing	469	(1)
African Americans and the New Deal	470	(4)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933--1935	471	(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal	472	(1)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal	473	(1)
Voices A Black Sharecropper Details Abuse in the Administration of Agricultural Relief	474	(2)
African Americans and the Second New Deal	475	(1)
Profile Mary McLeod Bethune	476	(2)
Organized Labor and Black America	478	(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans	478	(2)
The International Labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys''	479	(1)
Profile Angelo Herndon	480	(2)
Debating Communist Leadership	481	(1)
The National Negro Congress	481	(1)
Voices Hoboing in Alabama	482	(1)
The Tuskegee Study	483	(5)
Conclusion	483	(1)
Recommended Reading	483	(1)
Additional Bibliography	484	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	486	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	486	(2)
Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s	488	(28)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City	491	(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism	491	(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop	492	(1)
Profile Charlie Parker	493	(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies	495	(3)
The Comics	495	(1)
Radio and Race	495	(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies	496	(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance	498	(2)
Profile Langston Hughes	500	(2)
Jazz in Chicago	501	(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey	501	(1)
Voices Margaret Walker on Black Culture	502	(2)
Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday	503	(1)
Black Graphic Art	504	(1)
Profile Billie Holiday	505	(1)
Black Literature	506	(2)
Richard Wright's Native Son	506	(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright	507	(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man	507	(1)
African Americans in Sports	508	(1)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis	508	(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball	508	(1)
Black Religious Culture	509	(7)
The Nation of Islam	510	(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement	510	(1)
Conclusion	511	(1)
Recommended Reading	511	(1)
Additional Bibliography	511	(3)
Retracing the Odyssey	514	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	514	(2)
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution	516	(28)
On the Eve of War, 1936--1941	519	(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis	519	(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement	520	(2)
Executive Order #8802	522	(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces	522	(4)
Institutional Racism in the American Military	523	(1)
The Costs of Military Discrimination	524	(1)
Soldiers and Civilians Protest Military Discrimination	525	(1)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military	525	(1)
Voices William H. Hastie Resigns in Protest	526	(2)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation	527	(1)
Voices Separate but Equal Training for Black Army Nurses?	528	(1)
The Tuskegee Airmen	528	(1)
Profile Mabel K. Staupers	529	(2)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers	530	(1)
Black People on the Home Front	531	(3)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory	531	(1)
The FEPC during the War	532	(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943	532	(1)
Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front	533	(1)
Profile Bayard Rustin	534	(1)
The Transition to Peace	535	(1)
The Cold War and International Politics	535	(9)
African Americans in World Affairs: W.E.B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche	536	(1)
Anticommunism at Home	536	(1)
Paul Robeson	536	(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election	537	(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces	537	(1)
Conclusion	538	(1)
Recommended Reading	538	(1)
Additional Bibliography	539	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	540	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	541	(1)
African-American Soldiers in World War II	542	(2)
PART VI The Black Revolution	544	(126)
The Freedom Movement, 1954--1965	546	(34)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice	548	(1)
The Road to Brown	549	(4)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South	549	(2)
Brown and the Coming Revolution	551	(2)
Brown II	553	(1)
Massive White Resistance	553	(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till	553	(1)
Voices Letter of the Montgomery Women's Political Council to Mayor W.A. Gayle	554	(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott	555	(2)
The Roots of Revolution	555	(1)
Rosa Parks	556	(1)
Montgomery Improvement Association	556	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr.	556	(1)
Profile Rosa Louise McCauley Parks	557	(2)
Walking for Freedom	558	(1)
Friends in the North	558	(1)
Victory	559	(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957--1960	559	(1)
Martin Luther King and the SCLC	559	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957	559	(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas	560	(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down	560	(3)
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta	560	(2)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	562	(1)
Freedom Rides	562	(1)
A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide	563	(1)
The Election of 1960	563	(1)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement	563	(1)
Profile Robert Parris Moses	564	(1)
Voter Registration Projects	565	(1)
The Albany Movement	565	(1)
Voices Bernice Johnson Reagon on How to Raise a Freedom Song	566	(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation	566	(1)
A Hard Victory	567	(5)
The March on Washington	567	(2)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964	569	(1)
Mississippi Freedom Summer	569	(2)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	571	(1)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965	571	(1)
Profile Fannie Lou Hamer	572	(8)
Conclusion	574	(1)
Recommended Reading	575	(1)
Additional Bibliography	575	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	577	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	578	(2)
The Struggle Continues, 1965--1980	580	(34)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism	583	(3)
Malcolm X	583	(1)
Malcolm X's New Departure	584	(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power	584	(1)
The National Council of Churches	585	(1)
Voices The Black Panther Party Platform	586	(1)
The Black Panther Party	587	(2)
Police Repression and the FBI's Cointelpro	587	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	588	(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions	589	(2)
Watts	589	(1)
Newark	589	(1)
Detroit	590	(1)
The Kerner Commission	590	(1)
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society	591	(1)
Johnson and the War in Vietnam	592	(1)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War	593	(1)
Project 100,000	593	(1)
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society	593	(1)
Voices They Called Each Other ``Bloods''	594	(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy	595	(1)
Profile Muhammad Ali	596	(2)
King on the Vietnam War	597	(1)
King's Murder	597	(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness	598	(3)
Poetry and Theater	599	(1)
Music	600	(1)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement	601	(2)
The Orangeburg Massacre	601	(1)
Black Studies	602	(1)
The Election of 1968	603	(1)
The Nixon Presidency	603	(2)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP	603	(1)
Busing	604	(1)
Nixon and the War	605	(1)
Nixon's Downfall	605	(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials	605	(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda	606	(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices	606	(1)
Economic Downturn	607	(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency	607	(1)
Profile Eleanor Holmes Norton	608	(6)
Black Appointees	609	(1)
Carter's Domestic Policies	609	(1)
Conclusion	609	(1)
Recommended Reading	610	(1)
Additional Bibliography	611	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	613	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	613	(1)
Black Politics, White Backlash, 1980 to the Present	614	(28)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction	617	(3)
Dismantling the Great Society	617	(1)
Black Conservatives	618	(1)
The Thomas-Hill Controversy	618	(1)
Debating the ``Old'' and the ``New'' Civil Rights	619	(1)
Affirmative Action	620	(1)
Voices Black Women in Defense of Themselves	620	(3)
The Backlash	621	(2)
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction	623	(1)
The King Holiday	623	(1)
TransAfrica and the Antiapartheid Movement	623	(1)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition	624	(2)
Policing the Black Community	626	(2)
Human Rights in America	627	(1)
Police Director Hubert Williams of Newark	628	(1)
The Clinton Presidency	628	(3)
``It's the Economy, Stupid!''	629	(1)
Clinton Signs the Welfare Reform Act	629	(1)
Republicans Challenge Clinton	630	(1)
Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000 Presidential Election	631	(1)
Gore v. Bush	631	(1)
Profile Donna Brazile	631	(1)
Voices Dr. Condoleezza Rice	632	(1)
Republican Triumph	633	(3)
President George W. Bush's Black Cabinet	633	(1)
Education Reform: Leave No Child Behind	634	(1)
Reparations	634	(1)
HIV/AIDS in America and Africa	635	(1)
September 11, 2001	635	(1)
The War in Iraq	636	(1)
The 2004 Presidential Election	636	(6)
Conclusion	637	(1)
Recommended Reading	638	(1)
Additional Bibliography	638	(2)
Retracing the Odyssey	640	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	640	(2)
African Americans at the Dawn of a New Millennium	642	(28)
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health	645	(3)
High-Achieving African Americans	645	(1)
African Americans' Growing Economic Security	645	(1)
The Persistence of Black Poverty	646	(1)
Racial Incarceration	647	(1)
Education One-Half Century after Brown	647	(1)
The Health Gap	648	(1)
Voices E. Lynn Harris	648	(1)
African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture	649	(1)
Profile Oliver Harrington and Aaron McGruder	650	(3)
The Hip-Hop Nation	652	(1)
Origins of a New Music: A Generation Defines Itself	652	(1)
Rap Music Goes Mainstream	652	(1)
Profile Bob and Ziggy Marley	653	(1)
Gansta Rap	654	(1)
African-American Intellectuals	654	(2)
Afrocentricity	655	(1)
African-American Studies Matures	656	(1)
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium	656	(3)
Black Christians on the Front Line	657	(1)
Tensions in the Black Church	657	(1)
Black Muslims	658	(1)
Louis Farrakahn and the Nation of Islam	659	(1)
Millennium Marches	660	(1)
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century	661	(9)
Immigration and African Americans	662	(1)
Black Feminism	663	(1)
Gay and Lesbian African Americans	664	(1)
Conclusion	665	(1)
Recommended Reading	665	(1)
Additional Bibliography	665	(1)
Retracing the Odyssey	666	(1)
Review, Research, & Interact	667	(1)
Signs of Protest in the Struggle for Equality	668	(2)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation''	670
Appendix	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1