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About the AICD | p. xvii |
Series Foreword | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Abbreviations | p. xxvii |
The Elusiveness of the Millennium Development Goals for Water and Sanitation | p. 1 |
A Timely Synthesis | p. 3 |
Data Sources and Methodologies | p. 4 |
Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Water | p. 10 |
Equally Wide Differences in Patterns of Access to Sanitation | p. 13 |
High Costs, High Tariffs, and Regressive Subsidies | p. 16 |
The Stark Challenge of Financing the MDG | p. 18 |
Institutional Reform for Better Water Sector Performance | p. 24 |
A Multidimensional Snapshot of WSS in Africa | p. 27 |
Surveys in the AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database | p. 28 |
Surveys in the AICD Expenditure Survey Database | p. 29 |
Introducing a Country Typology | p. 30 |
Notes | p. 31 |
Bibliography | p. 31 |
Access to Safe Water: The Millennium Challenge | p. 33 |
The Importance of Wells and Boreholes in Water Supply | p. 33 |
Low Access to Piped Water…for Various Reasons | p. 37 |
Multiple Players in the Urban Water Market | p. 42 |
The Role of Wells, Boreholes, and Surface Water in the Rural Water Market | p. 49 |
Steep Growth of Wells and Boreholes as Sources of Water | p. 52 |
Notes | p. 59 |
References | p. 59 |
Access to Safe Sanitation: The Millennium Challenge | p. 63 |
The Predominance of On-Site and Traditional Pit Latrines | p. 63 |
The Sanitation Challenge across Countries | p. 66 |
Steep Increases in the Use of Traditional Pit Latrines | p. 69 |
Good Progress in a Handful of Countries | p. 71 |
References | p. 81 |
Improving the Organization of the Water and Sanitation Sectors | p. 83 |
The Heterogeneity of the Urban Water Market | p. 84 |
Varied Institutional Models for Nonpiped Services in the Urban Water Market | p. 102 |
Many Levels of Government Players in the Rural Water Market | p. 110 |
Many Players with No Clear Accountability in the Sanitation Market | p. 115 |
Notes | p. 120 |
References | p. 120 |
Urban Water Provision: The Story of African Utilities | p. 123 |
Access to Utility Water | p. 124 |
The Pace of Expansion of Utility Water Coverage | p. 126 |
Water Production Capacity Varies from Country to Country | p. 128 |
Two-Part Tariff Structures for Piped Water | p. 128 |
Sewerage Charges Linked to Water Bills | p. 131 |
Modest Water Consumption by End Users | p. 132 |
Substantial Water Losses in Distribution System | p. 136 |
Difference in Quality of Service among Country Groups | p. 138 |
Technical Efficiency and Effective Management of Operations | p. 139 |
Financial Efficiency and the Alignment of Operations and Finances | p. 142 |
The High Cost of Inefficiencies in Operations and Pricing | p. 146 |
The Role of Institutions in Improving Performance | p. 153 |
Utilities in the AICD WSS Database | p. 158 |
Notes | p. 159 |
References | p. 159 |
Cost Recovery, Affordability, and Subsidies | p. 161 |
Average Monthly Spending on Water | p. 161 |
Wide Price Variations among Service Providers in the Urban Water Market | p. 162 |
Two-Part Tariffs and the Small Consumer | p. 168 |
Paying for Water: How Common? | p. 171 |
Recovering Operating Costs: Affordable | p. 173 |
The High Cost of Connecting to Water and Sanitation Services | p. 176 |
The Cost of Subsidizing Capital and Operating Expenses | p. 179 |
Poor Targeting of Utility Subsidies | p. 180 |
Connection Subsidies as a Viable Alternative | p. 184 |
Methodology for Estimating the Annual Gross Profit and the Annual Cross-Subsidy between Household Consumers and Standpipes Captured by Standpipe Operators in a City | p. 187 |
Notes | p. 188 |
References | p. 189 |
Spending Needed to Meet Goals in Water and Sanitation | p. 191 |
The Challenge of Expanding Coverage | p. 191 |
The Unit Cost of Service Provision across Countries | p. 197 |
To Close the MDG Coverage Gap | p. 202 |
Unit Cost Matrix Model: A Methodology for Estimating Nonstandardized Unit Costs of Network Assets | p. 209 |
Methodology for Quantifying Rehabilitation and O&M Needs | p. 213 |
Notes | p. 214 |
References | p. 214 |
Bridging the Funding Gap | p. 215 |
Current Spending on Water and Sanitation | p. 215 |
Poor Budget Execution by the WSS Sector | p. 220 |
Even after Efficiency Savings, a Persistent Funding Gap | p. 224 |
Limited Scope for Raising Additional Finance | p. 231 |
Promising Ways to Increase Funds | p. 239 |
Other Ways to Reach the MDG | p. 240 |
Notes | p. 248 |
References | p. 248 |
Policy Options for the Water and Sanitation Sectors | p. 251 |
Policy Options for the Water Sector | p. 251 |
Policy Options for the Sanitation Sector | p. 260 |
Reference | p. 267 |
Access to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities | p. 269 |
Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector | p. 293 |
Performance Indicators of Selected Water Utilities | p. 323 |
Tariffs | p. 349 |
Affordability of Water and Sanitation | p. 365 |
Funding Gap for Water Supply and Sanitation | p. 371 |
Index | p. 387 |
Boxes | |
The Problem of Shrinking Households | p. 38 |
Coverage, Access, and Hookup Rates: Relationships and Definitions | p. 40 |
Legalizing Household Resellers in Cote d'Ivoire | p. 48 |
The Opportunity Cost of a Distant Water Supply | p. 50 |
Ethiopia's Success with a Community-Led Program | p. 77 |
Senegal's Successful Experience with Private Sector Participation | p. 88 |
Regulation in Water Reseller Market in Abidjan | p. 109 |
Issues Constraining Rural Water Supply in Cross River State, Nigeria | p. 111 |
Burkina Faso's Sanitation Tax | p. 134 |
Methodology for Estimation of Hidden Cost | p. 147 |
Uganda's Successful Case of State-Owned Enterprise Reform | p. 156 |
Piped Water Delivered through Public Standposts in Kigali, Rwanda | p. 165 |
The Construction Index Factor | p. 201 |
Unit Costs of Infrastructure Projects Study | p. 211 |
Figures | |
JMP and AICD Estimates of the Prevalence of ôImprovedö Water Supply and Sanitation | p. 6 |
The Sanitation Ladder | p. 7 |
Dependence on Surface Water in Urban and Rural Areas, 1990s versus Early 2000s | p. 14 |
Coverage of Water Services, by Income Quintile | p. 15 |
Coverage of Sanitation Services, by Income Quintile | p. 16 |
Annual Growth in the Use of Sanitation Types, 1990-2005 | p. 17 |
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