After the Three Italies provides a novel synthesis of the literature on convergence and the new economic geography, and develops a new political economy approach to the analysis of the territorial division of labour. New theoretical and methodological approaches are exemplified through an up-to-date account of Italyls"s economic performance and of its recent development relative to other European countries and the rest of the world. Grounded also in the animated recent discussion of Italian development, and drawing on the results of recent ESRC-funded research, as well as on a large range of official data sets, the authors provide a new and more complex picture of Italian industrial change and regional economic performance.

Michael Dunford is Professor of Economic Geography at the University of Sussex. In 2000 he was elected member of the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences (AcSS). In 1996-2002 he was Editor of Regional Studies. In 2003 he received the Royal Geographical Society Edward Heath Award for geographical research in Europe. He has held Visiting Professorships at the universities of Pavia, Toulouse, Paris I: Panthéon-Sorbonne, Campinas in Brazil, Oslo and Sciences-Po in Paris. His previous publications include Cities and Regions in the New Europe (1992) and Successful European Regions: Northern Ireland Learning from Others (1996).

Lidia Greco is Lecturer in the Sociology of Economics and Labour Processes at the University of Bari, Italy. She previously worked at Trinity College, Dublin, where she carried out two EU-funded research projects. As a consultant, Lidia has worked for the University of Durham and the Sussex European Institute, and more recently for the European Union. She is the author of Industrial Redundancies: A Comparative Analysis of the Chemical and Clothing Industries in the UK and Italy (2002) and co-author of Building the European Research Area: European Socio-Economic Research in Practice (forthcoming).

List of Figures

xi

List of Tables

xiv

Series Editors' Preface

xvii

Preface and Acknowledgements

xviii

List of Abbreviations

xxiii

Introduction: Growth, Inequality and the Territorial Division of Labour

1

(16)

Areal differentiation and development models

1

(7)

After the Three Italies

8

(4)

A new economic geography of uneven development

12

(3)

The structure of the book

15

(2)

Convergence, Divergence, Regional Economic Performance and the New Economic Geographies

17

(24)

Analyzing regional economic performance

17

(3)

Convergence or divergence

20

(6)

Territorial divisions of labour

26

(13)

Conclusions

39

(2)

Theorizing Regional Economic Performance and the Changing Territorial Division of Labour: Value Chains, Industrial Networks, Competition and Governance

41

(23)

Introduction

41

(1)

Basic and nonbasic industries

42

(1)

Explaining the dynamics of activities serving wider markets

43

(7)

Enterprises and their environment: establishing the frontiers/boundaries of the firm

50

(2)

Enterprises and their environment: interfirm relations

52

(6)

Modes of governance and growth

58

(3)

Conclusions

61

(3)

Growth and Inequality: The Political Economy of Italian Development

64

(28)

Introduction

64

(1)

Italy's economy in its European and Mediterranean context

65

(5)

Official statistics, unrecorded activities and the measurement of output

70

(6)

GDP, net transfers and regional income

76

(4)

Territorial inequality in Italy at the turn of the millennium

80

(7)

Catching up, falling behind, surging ahead and losing ground: trends in Italian regional development

87

(3)

Conclusions

90

(2)

Institutional Dynamics and Regional Performance

92

(36)

Introduction

92

(1)

The Institutional configuration and the characteristics of Italian capitalism

93

(4)

Institutional context and territorial development dynamics

97

(5)

Crime and territorial development

102

(2)

Changes in the 1990s: the political scene

104

(3)

Changes in the 1990s: the system of governance

107

(4)

Changes in the 1990s: debt reduction and privatization

111

(2)

Changes in the 1990s: territorial development policies

113

(11)

Concluding remarks: the implications of recent trends

124

(4)

Italian Regional Evolutions

128

(42)

Introduction

128

(2)

Italian regional evolutions

130

(10)

Comparative regional development

140

(7)

Comparative provincial development

147

(2)

Employment, productivity and investment

149

(6)

Economic specialization, exports and international integration

155

(4)

After the Three Italies: the origins and limits of the district model

159

(10)

Conclusions

169

(1)

Industrial Change and Regional Development: The Changing Sectoral Profile of Regional Development and the Evolving Regional Profile of Industrial Change

170

(39)

Introduction

170

(1)

The sectoral profile of regional economies

170

(3)

Sectoral structures and uneven development

173

(14)

The changing geography of vehicle manufacturing in Italy and the world

187

(13)

The changing geography of chemical manufacturing in Italy and the world

200

(7)

Conclusions

207

(2)

Globalization, Industrial Restructuring and the Italian Motor Vehicle Industry

209

(35)

Introduction

209

(1)

The FIAT Group: changing functions in the value chain and changing chains

210

(6)

Globalization and market-seeking investments

216

(9)

FIAT in Italy: technological and organisational upgrading and geographies of production

225

(5)

Outsourcing, redefining corporate boundaries and restructuring the supply chain

230

(6)

Crisis, markets and models

236

(6)

Conclusions

242

(1)

Afterword

243

(1)

Reconfiguring Industrial Activities and Places: The Italian Chemical Industry

244

(38)

Introduction

244

(1)

The Italian chemical industry and its changing position in the wider European and world context

245

(7)

History and characteristics of the Italian chemical industry

252

(3)

Trajectories of restructuring

255

(7)

The role of SMEs

262

(2)

Another aspect of the new international division of labour: foreign companies in Italy

264

(2)

Experiences and regional impacts of restructuring: the disengagement of the chemical industry in Puglia

266

(5)

From growth pole to industrial cemetery: the disengagement of the chemical industry from Basilicata

271

(9)

Conclusions

280

(2)

Conclusions and Further Remarks

282

(14)

Introduction

282

(1)

Geography as a spatial expression of a social order

282

(1)

Geography and development models

283

(1)

Contemporary perspectives on industrial change and regional economic performance

284

(2)

Theorizing industrial change and regional inequality: profit strategies and value chain upgrading

286

(2)

Areal differentiation and uneven development in Italy: from the north--south divide to the Three Italies and after

288

(2)

Economic decline and the limits of the district model

290

(3)

Industrial and regional performance

293

(1)

Conclusions: inequalities, territorial divisions of labour and profit strategies

294

(2)

References

296

(16)

Notes

312

(6)

Appendices

318

(17)

Subject Index

335

(8)

Author Index

343

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