Age Estimation in the Living The Practitioner's Guide

by Black, Sue; Aggrawal, Anil; Payne-James, Jason

• ISBN13: 9780470519677
• ISBN10: 0470519673
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-10-11
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This title summarizes and explains the main approaches to age estimation in the living, defining when a parameter may be of use and raising awareness of its limitations. This text ensures that practitioners recognize when an assessment is beyond their area of expertise or beyond verification depending upon the clinical data available.Each key approach to age evaluation has been allotted a single chapter, written by an international leader in the particular field. Summary chapters relay readily accessible data for use by the practitioner, and includes important ls"ageing milestonesrs". Key Features: Authoritative Unique and comprehensive Careful, grounded approach Engaging and stimulating

Author Biography

Professor Sue Black, OBE BSc PhD DSc FRSE, Head of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
Professor Sue Black is one of the worlds leading experts in Forensic Anthropology. She has received many accolades throughout her distinguished professional career including an OBE presented by Her Britannic Majesty for services to Forensic Anthropology in 2001. Professor Black developed the first undergraduate training course in forensic anthropology and the first postgraduate course in human identification in the UK. She is very well known to the media and has taken part in several television, radio and other media related programmes.

Professor Anil Aggrawal, Professor of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Professor Aggrawal is also founder and Editor-in-Chief of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The journal is in its 8th year of publication and draws more than 2000 visitors daily from all over the world.

Jason Payne-James, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Essex, UK
Jason Payne James is a forensic physician appointed as a Forensic Medical Examiner to the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police. His work embraces four main areas drawing on his extensive medical, legal, forensic and education/writing expertise — legal and clinical forensic aspects of medicine; clinical nutrition; gastroenterology. He is a prolific author/writer. Jason Payne James established a company, with others; Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd (www.forensic-healthcare.com) a company providing expert witnesses (www.experts4law.com) for the criminal and civil systems and other bodies, and which also provides training in these areas.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Glossary of Abbreviations

An Introduction to the History of Age Estimation in the Living

Introduction

Dental Development

Skeletal Maturation

Secondary Sexual Development

Conclusion

References

Immigration, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Identity

Asylum Seeker to Refugee

References

Clinical and Legal Requirements for Age Determination in the Living

Introduction

Contrasts between Age Assessment in the Living and the Deceased

Reasons for Age Estimation of Bodies and Human Remains

Reasons for Age Estimation of Living Individuals

Assessment Techniques

How Age May Be Specifically Documented

Birth Certificates

Identity Cards

Driving Licence

Passports

Age Verification Cards

Other Documents

Medical Issues

Duties to Examinee

Communication

Summary and Conclusions

References

Legal Implications of Age Determination: Consent and Other Issues

Introduction

Principles of Practice

Duties of the Examining Practitioner

Criminal Issues in Age Determination in the Living

Practical Implications

Summary

References

The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity

Introduction

Current Status in the UK

Need for Determination of Maturity

Psychological Maturity as a Concept

Child Development

Middle Childhood

Adolescence

Ethical Framework

Current Practice

Suggestions for a Framework for Good Practice

Setting

Summary and Conclusion

Proposed Framework, Based on Common Assessment Framework (Department of Schools Families and Children, 2007)

References

Principles of Physical Age Estimation

Intra-uterine Growth and Development

Birth and Infancy

Childhood

Juvenile

Adolescence

Adult

Senescence

Summary

Growth Studies

References

Growth, Maturation and Age

Growth, Maturation and Age

The Concept of Time

Maturity Indicators

Maturational Variation

Uneven Maturation

Sexual Dimorphism

Maturity and Size

Assessment of Maturation

Skeletal Maturity

Dental Maturity

Secondary Sexual Development

Independence of Methods

Secular Trends

Worldwide Variation in the Timing of Maturation

Secondary Sexual Development

Dental Development

Skeletal Development

Factors Associated with the Timing of Maturation

Genetic Variability

Demographic Factors

Biological Factors

Environmental Factors

Summary

References

Practical Imaging Techniques for Age Evaluation

Introduction

Radiation Exposure in X-ray Examinations for the Purpose of Age Estimation

Radiological Examination of the Hand

Radiological Examination of the Teeth

Radiological Examination of the Clavicles

Summary and Conclusions

References

External Soft Tissue Indicators of Age from Birth to Adulthood

Growth Patterns

Anthropometric Parameters in Children

Growth Charts

Developmental Milestones

Pubertal Changes

Stages of Pubic Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962)

Stages of Axillary Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962)

Stages of Development of Male Genitalia Derived from Tanner (1962)

Stages of breast development as derived from Tanner (1962)

Age of Menarche

Areas of New Research

Conclusion

References

Age Evaluation and Odontology in the Living

Introduction

Overview of the Development of the Dentition

Techniques of Dental Age Estimation

The Sub-adult Dentition

Sub-adult: Physical/Anatomical

Sub-adult: Radiographic

Sub-adult: Destructive

The Adult Dentition

Adult: Physical

Adult: Radiographic

Adult: Destructive

Summary

References

Age Evaluation from the Skeleton

Background

Fetal Age

Birth

Juvenile/Child

Age Estimation from the Skeleton in Living Adults

Medial Clavicle

Sternal Ribs and Costal Cartilages

Pelvis

Skull Sutural Closure

Laryngeal Cartilages

Other General Ageing Features

Summary

References

Age Evaluation after Growth Cessation

Background

Consent

Radiology

Pubic Bones

Long Bones

Skull Sutures

Costal Cartilages

Vertebrae

Laryngeal Cartilages

Odontology

Soft Tissues of Face

Genetics in Age Estimation

Physiological and Biochemical Parameters for Age Estimation

Areas of Future Research

Small Long Bones

Scapula

Others

Histology

Conclusion

References

The Presentation of Results and Statistics for Legal Purposes

Introduction

Evidence and Intelligence

Statistical Methods in Age Estimation

Classical, or Frequentist, Approaches

Bayesian Approaches

The Relevance to Age Estimation

Likelihood Ratio Approaches

Errors of Interpretation

Concluding Comments

Age-Related Data from Gustafson (1950)

References

Key Practical Elements for Age Estimation in the Living

The Four Pillars of Age Estimation

Pillar 1: Social and Psychological Evaluation

Pillar 2: External Estimation of Age

Pillar 3: Skeletal Estimation of Age

Pillar 4: Dental Estimation of Age

Conclusion

Index

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