AIDS: The Biological Basis

by Weeks, Benjamin S.

• ISBN13: 9780763737146
• ISBN10: 0763737143
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-20
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Built upon the foundation of Professor Alcamo's work, AIDS: The Biological Basis, Fourth Edition, continues to educate professors and students alike about the biology of HIV and AIDS. With completely updated content and extended commentary and discussion topics, this text continues to evolve to keep abreast of epidemiological patterns and research developments and sets the mark for compiling an extensive breadth of information with sufficient detail that permits the reader to learn the basics of AIDS immunopathology and epidemiology and how AIDS drugs and vaccines may and can work.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
The AIDS Epidemic	2	(28)
Looking Ahead	2	(1)
Introduction	2	(1)
The Early Years	3	(4)
The First Observations	3	(4)
The Breakthrough	7	(6)
Another AIDS Virus	10	(2)
A Pandemic	12	(1)
Origin of the AIDS Epidemic	13	(8)
The Origin of HIV	14	(2)
The Jump to Humans	16	(2)
Out of Africa	18	(1)
Entry into the United States	19	(2)
The First Decades and Beyond	21	(5)
Twenty-Four Years of AIDS	21	(2)
AIDS in the Twenty-First Century	23	(3)
Looking Back	26	(4)
Viruses and HIV	30	(28)
Looking Ahead	30	(1)
Introduction	30	(1)
Structure of Viruses and HIV	31	(5)
Replication of Viruses and HIV	36	(11)
Adsorption	36	(5)
Penetration and Infection	41	(1)
Lysogeny of HIV	42	(2)
HIV Activation and Release	44	(1)
Cell Destruction	45	(2)
The HIV Genome	47	(3)
Nine Genes	47	(2)
Three Groups of HIV	49	(1)
Inhibiting Viruses	50	(2)
Looking Back	52	(6)
The Immune System and HIV	58	(26)
Looking Ahead	58	(1)
Introduction	58	(2)
Overview of the Immune System	60	(4)
Antigens	64	(1)
The Immune Process	64	(8)
Cell-Mediated Immunity	66	(2)
Antibody-Mediated Immunity	68	(4)
HIV and the Immune System	72	(7)
The Focus of HIV	72	(5)
The Effects of HIV	77	(2)
Looking Back	79	(5)
Defining and Recognizing AIDS	84	(30)
Looking Ahead	84	(1)
Introduction	84	(1)
The Case Definition	85	(1)
HIV Infection	86	(5)
AIDS-Related Complex	91	(2)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome	93	(15)
The CDC Stages of Disease	95	(1)
The Walter Reed Classification System	95	(2)
Tissue Specific HIV-Associated Diseases	97	(5)
Opportunistic Diseases	102	(6)
Pediatric AIDS	108	(3)
Looking Back	111	(3)
The Epidemiology of AIDS	114	(38)
Looking Ahead	114	(1)
Introduction	114	(1)
AIDS and the Epidemiologist	115	(2)
The Spreading Epidemic	117	(25)
The Fragility of HIV	120	(1)
AIDS in Homosexual Men	121	(3)
AIDS in Injection Drug Users	124	(1)
AIDS in Heterosexuals	125	(4)
AIDS in Women	129	(2)
AIDS in Newborns	131	(4)
AIDS in Africa	135	(3)
AIDS in the World	138	(3)
Other Transmission Methods	141	(1)
How AIDS Is Not Transmitted	142	(2)
Improbable Transmissions	142	(1)
The Mosquito Connection	143	(1)
AIDS in Schools and Colleges	144	(3)
Looking Back	147	(5)
Preventing HIV Transmission	152	(32)
Looking Ahead	152	(1)
Introduction	152	(1)
Personal Protection	153	(9)
Safer Sex Practices	155	(4)
For Injection Drug Users	159	(3)
Protecting Health Care Workers	162	(10)
Universal Precautions	163	(1)
Invasive Procedures	164	(1)
Dentistry	165	(1)
Autopsy and Embalming	166	(1)
Medical Laboratories	167	(1)
Decontamination Procedures	168	(2)
Exposures to HIV	170	(2)
Protecting Public Safety Workers	172	(5)
Fire and Emergency Medical Services	173	(2)
Law Enforcement Officers	175	(2)
AIDS Education in the Schools	177	(3)
Looking Back	180	(4)
HIV Testing and Diagnosis	184	(28)
Looking Ahead	184	(1)
Introduction	184	(1)
HIV Antibody Tests	185	(10)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)	186	(1)
Western Blot Analysis	187	(3)
False Positives and Negatives	190	(2)
Other Antibody Tests	192	(1)
Home and Simplified Tests	193	(2)
HIV Antigen (Viral Load) Tests	195	(7)
Gene Probes	196	(1)
The Polymerase Chain Reaction	197	(1)
Advantages of the Viral Load Test	198	(3)
Protein and T-Lymphocyte Tests	201	(1)
Implications of HIV Testing	202	(5)
Mandatory Testing	203	(2)
Voluntary Testing	205	(2)
Looking Back	207	(5)
Treating HIV Infection and AIDS	212	(48)
Looking Ahead	212	(1)
Introduction	213	(1)
General Principles of AIDS Treatment	214	(6)
Objectives of Therapeutic Drugs	214	(2)
Approaches to Drug Therapy	216	(2)
Mutations and Other Considerations	218	(2)
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	220	(9)
Azidothymidine (AZT)	221	(6)
Other Dideoxynuclcosides	227	(2)
Nonnucleoside Analogs	229	(1)
Other Therapeutic Agents	229	(15)
Protease Inhibitors	230	(4)
Fusion Inhibitors	234	(2)
Entry Inhibitors	236	(2)
Interleukin-2	238	(1)
Antisense Molecules	238	(2)
Miscellaneous Therapeutic Agents	240	(3)
Postexposure Prophylaxis	243	(1)
Treating Opportunistic Diseases	244	(2)
Pentamidine Isethionate	244	(1)
Other Drugs	245	(1)
Drug Development and Testing	246	(4)
Drug Trials	247	(2)
Key Questions about Drug Testing	249	(1)
Alternative Therapies	250	(5)
Bone Marrow Transplants	251	(1)
Gene Therapy	252	(1)
Thinking Well	253	(2)
Looking Back	255	(5)
An AIDS Vaccine	260	(28)
Looking Ahead	260	(1)
Introduction	260	(2)
General Vaccine Strategies	262	(3)
Types of Vaccine	263	(2)
AIDS Vaccine Strategies	265	(10)
Sterilizing and Therapeutic Immunities	266	(1)
AIDS Subunit Vaccines	267	(4)
Viable-Vector Vaccines	271	(1)
A Whole-Virus Vaccine	272	(2)
DNA Vaccines	274	(1)
Problems in Vaccine Development	275	(4)
Complexity of HIV	275	(1)
Economic Issues	276	(1)
Lack of Animal Models	277	(2)
Vaccine Trials	279	(5)
Issues to Consider	280	(2)
The Race to Vaccine	282	(2)
Looking Back	284	(4)
AIDS in Perspective	288	(28)
Looking Ahead	288	(1)
Introduction	288	(1)
AIDS and Society	289	(15)
AIDS in the Workplace	291	(3)
Legal Issues	294	(6)
Economic Issues	300	(3)
AIDS and Medical Professionals	303	(1)
Caring for the AIDS Patient	304	(4)
Education and Terminology	307	(1)
Home Care	307	(1)
The Future of AIDS	308	(5)
The Complexity of AIDS	309	(1)
The Lessons of AIDS	310	(3)
Looking Back	313	(3)
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions	316	(1)
Appendix B A Suggested Format for a 10-Session Course: The Biological Basis of AIDS	317	(2)
Pronunciation Guide	319	(2)
Glossary	321	(7)
Index	328