AIDS Update 2001 : An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

by Stine, Gerald J., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780130909626
• ISBN10: 0130909629
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

This text requires no biology prerequisite, and is the most comprehensive, authoritative, accurate, and up-to-date textbook on HIV/AIDS currently available. It presents the entire 17-year chronology of the AIDS pandemic in a reasonable, logical, and scientific manner that interweaves biological, clinical, social, and legal discoveries in a uniquely readable presentation.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV/AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt	1	(28)
Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease	29	(9)
Chapter Concepts	29	(1)
Aids: A Disease Or A Syndrome?	29	(1)
What Causes Aids?	29	(1)
How Does HIV Cause Aids?	29	(2)
The New York Times and A.I.D.S., August 8, 1982	31	(1)
Discovery Of The Aids Virus	31	(1)
The Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Reports	31	(2)
Defining The Illness: Aids Surveillance	33	(3)
Summary	36	(1)
Review Questions	36	(1)
References	37	(1)
What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus	38	(22)
Chapter Concepts	38	(1)
The Cause Of Aids: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus	38	(12)
Sex and HIV Do Not Cause AIDS!	39	(2)
Science Takes a Back Seat to Politics	41	(7)
The United States Government Created HIV	48	(1)
The Relationship Between the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	49	(1)
Origin Of HIV: The Aids Virus	50	(8)
The Cause and Effect of Diseases: The Unbroken Chain	50	(3)
Scientists Report on Earliest AIDS Case	53	(3)
Origin of HIV in Humans: A Competing Hypothesis	56	(2)
Summary On The Origin Of HIV	58	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Review Questions	59	(1)
References	59	(1)
Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus	60	(19)
Chapter Concepts	60	(1)
Retroviruses	60	(1)
Viral Specificity	61	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	61	(3)
Basic Genetic Structure Of Retroviral Genomes	64	(8)
Genetic Mutation	72	(1)
Genetic Recombination In HIV	72	(1)
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) Of HIV-1 Worldwide Based On Env And Gag Proteins	73	(4)
Mysteries of HIV Subtypes	75	(1)
First Confirmed Cases of HIV Group O Caused AIDS	76	(1)
Summary	77	(1)
Review Questions	77	(1)
References	77	(2)
Anti-HIV Therapy	79	(46)
Chapter Concepts	79	(1)
Goals For Anti-HIV Therapy	79	(2)
Drug Therapy for William ``Skip'' Bluette	80	(1)
Anti-HIV Drugs Having Fda Approval	81	(2)
Medical Benefit: A Cure?	81	(1)
Vigil for William ``Skip'' Bluette	82	(1)
William ``Skip'' Bluette: May 18, 1946-July 17, 1988	83	(1)
FDA-Approved Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	83	(2)
The End of AIDS?	85	(1)
Development And Selection Of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants	85	(3)
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce The Chance Of HIV Drug Resistance	88	(4)
The Drug Development and Approval Process	89	(1)
Does Society Want Miracle Drugs for HIV?: The New Treatments Could Make the Pandemic Worse!	90	(2)
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease And Aids	92	(4)
What Are My Options?	92	(2)
Determination of Viral Load and Questions People Ask	94	(2)
False Positive Viral Loads?	96	(1)
Use Of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	96	(1)
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors	96	(1)
Protease Inhibitors	97	(7)
Protease Inhibitors: Extending Life; The Downside of this Gift--Recovery?	100	(4)
Monetary Reasons for Producing Antiretroviral Drugs	104	(1)
Update 2000	104	(1)
Two Most Sobering Reports On Aids-Related Deaths	105	(9)
Current Problems Using Combination Therapy	105	(1)
The New AIDS Drugs: Timing Is Crucial	106	(4)
Current Drug/Patient Regimens May Call for a Specialist	110	(2)
Can Combination Therapy Using Nucleoside Analogs with Protease Inhibitors Cure HIV Disease?	112	(2)
Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy	114	(1)
Testing of Anti-HIV Drugs for Post Exposure Prevention	114	(1)
Protease Inhibitors And Pregnancy	115	(1)
Disclaimer	115	(1)
Summary	115	(4)
AIDS Deaths Decreasing in the United States	116	(2)
Dramatic Health Improvements Among AIDS Patients Cause a Shift in United States Health Care Policies	118	(1)
The Cost of Staying Alive Increases with Each New Therapy	118	(1)
Some Aids Therapy Information Hotlines	119	(1)
Other Organizations And Websites	120	(1)
Review Questions	121	(1)
References	121	(4)
The Immunology of HIV Disease / AIDS	125	(28)
Chapter Concepts	125	(1)
The Immune System	125	(1)
Development Of Human Immune System Cells	126	(1)
How Large Is a Trillion?	127	(8)
Understand the Difference Between Health and Disease, Immunologists Need to Understand the Immune System!	130	(4)
Measures and Countermeasures: The Human Immune System vs. Viruses	134	(1)
Class I and Class II Proteins	135	(1)
Antibodies And Viruses	135	(3)
The Big Questions	136	(2)
Antibodies and HIV Disease	138	(3)
What Are Cell Receptors?	138	(1)
The First Look at How HIV's gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein Changes Shape to Attach to CD4 and Chemokine Receptors	139	(2)
Fusin Or Cxckr-4 (X4)	141	(1)
Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection	142	(1)
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression	143	(3)
Cofactors Expedite HIV Infection	144	(2)
Impact Of T4 Cell Depletion	146	(1)
Role Of Monocytes And Macrophages In HIV Infection	147	(3)
Summary	150	(1)
Review Questions	150	(1)
References	151	(2)
Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease \ AIDS	153	(29)
Chapter Concepts	153	(1)
What Is An Opportunistic Disease?	153	(1)
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases	154	(1)
Prophylaxixs Against Opportunistic Infections	154	(1)
Opportunistic Infections In HIV-Infected People	154	(16)
The Changing Spectrum of Opportunistic Infections	156	(9)
Physician's Agonizing Dilemma	165	(5)
Cancer In Aids Patients	170	(8)
Tuberculosis (TB), a Major Killer	171	(1)
Life Goes On!	172	(6)
Neuropathies In HIV Disease / Aids Patients	178	(1)
Disclaimer	179	(1)
Summary	179	(1)
Review Questions	179	(1)
References	179	(3)
A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS	182	(26)
Chapter Concepts	182	(1)
HIV Disease Defined	182	(2)
Description of an AIDS Patient	183	(1)
Variation of Initial Symptoms After HIV Infection	183	(1)
Stages Of HIV Disease	184	(5)
One Mistake Cost Him His Life	185	(4)
HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and Aids	189	(1)
Aspects Of HIV Infection	190	(4)
Primary Case Presentations	190	(1)
Evolution of HIV During HIV Disease Progression	191	(2)
Development of AIDS Over Time	193	(1)
Production Of HIV-Specific Antibodies	194	(4)
Are There Long-Term Adult Nonprogressors of HIV Disease--Yes!--Why?	195	(3)
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to Aids Progression	198	(3)
Seroreversion: Change from HIV-Positive to HIV-Negative!	200	(1)
HIV Infection Of The Central Nervous System	201	(3)
Viral Load and T4 Cell Counts: Their Use in Clinical Practice	202	(2)
Pediatric Clinical Signs And Symptoms	204	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
Review Questions	205	(1)
References	205	(3)
Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus	208	(61)
Chapter Concepts	208	(1)
HIV as A Communicable Disease	209	(1)
Public Opinion on How the New Disease--AIDS--Was Transmitted June 1983	209	(1)
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!	210	(1)
Epidemiology Of HIV Infection	210	(1)
Transmission Of Two Strains Of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)	210	(2)
Is HIV Transmitted By Insects?	212	(1)
Consequences of Ignoring HIV	212	(1)
Transmission of HIV	213	(1)
Casual Transmission	213	(1)
HIV Transmission In Family Household Settings	213	(1)
Noncasual Transmission	214	(45)
Relative Dose: The Swimming Pool Analogy	217	(3)
Federal Study Committee Advises the Food and Drug Administration on the Acceptance of Blood Donations in the Time of AIDS, July 1983	220	(2)
Danger of HIV Infection via Artificial Insemination	222	(2)
Deadly Innocence: A Murder Mystery?	224	(3)
HIV/AIDS Roulette	227	(1)
Distribution of HIV-Contaminated Blood: France, Germany, the United States, and Other Countries	228	(5)
Effectiveness of Screening Health Care Workers for HIV in the United States	233	(1)
Re-infection Among HIV-Positive Gay Men	234	(1)
Intentionally Seeking HIV Infection	235	(1)
Gay Men Putting Themselves at High Risk for HIV Infection	236	(3)
Sports and HIV / AIDS: Earvin ``Magic'' Johnson and Other Athletes	239	(8)
Rapid Spread of HIV Through Injection Drug Use	247	(1)
HIV Transmission: Preparation and Use of Injection Drugs	248	(1)
Assault with HIV	249	(3)
HIV Terrorism, Johannesburg, South Africa	252	(1)
Mexican Doctors Transplant HIV-Infected Kidneys	252	(1)
Probably the Number One Risk Cofactor for HIV Is a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)	253	(5)
When the Wonderful News ``You're Pregnant'' Becomes a Tragedy	258	(1)
Update	259	(1)
Logic	259	(3)
Is Breastfeeding Policy for Women in Undeveloped Nations Changing?	260	(1)
HIV and Senior Citizens	260	(2)
Public Confidence: Acceptance Of Current Dogma On Routes Of HIV Transmission	262	(1)
National Aids Resources	263	(1)
Summary	263	(1)
Review Questions	263	(1)
References	264	(5)
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	269	(50)
Chapter Concepts	269	(1)
The Millennium Virus	269	(1)
Global Prevention	269	(1)
Prevention Of Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS	270	(1)
Preventing The Transmission Of HIV	271	(5)
HIV Prevention Education--United States	271	(5)
New Rules to An Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex	276	(13)
HIV and International Travelers	277	(1)
Education Versus Risk: It Is Not What You Know, It Is What You Do	278	(1)
Clarifying the Issues Over Condom Use	279	(9)
Questions and Answers About the Female Condom	288	(1)
Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics	289	(1)
HIV Prevention For Injection Drug Users	290	(7)
The Controversy: Providing Sterile Syringes and Needles to Injection Drug Users (IDUs)	291	(4)
Needle-Syringe Laws--United States	295	(2)
Prevention Of Blood And Blood Product HIV Transmission	297	(3)
Americans Support Sex Education and Condoms in Schools and in TV Ads, and Needle Exchange Programs	298	(2)
Blood Transfusions: A Gift of Life or the Carrier of Death?	300	(1)
Infection Control Procedures	300	(3)
Universal Precautions	302	(1)
Partner Notification	303	(2)
HIV Vaccine Development	305	(3)
The Goal Of Developing an HIV Vaccine	305	(3)
Vaccine Production	308	(2)
HIV Vaccine: Prevention and Therapy	309	(1)
Problems In The Search For HIV Vaccine	310	(2)
Human HIV Vaccine Trials	312	(2)
Summary	314	(1)
Review Questions	315	(1)
References	315	(4)
Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States	319	(37)
Chapter Concepts	319	(1)
A Word About Data	319	(1)
The Millennium Year 2001	320	(1)
Old Formula For Estimating HIV Infections	321	(1)
Newer Formula For Estimating HIV Infections	322	(1)
The HIV/AIDS Scenario	322	(1)
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic Has Limits	322	(1)
Behavioral Risk Groups And Statistical Evaluation	322	(18)
The Latino Community	331	(4)
Africa, The HIV/AIDS Time Bomb: It Is Ticking Out of Control	335	(1)
Connected but Separate	336	(3)
Where Older Patients with HIV Disease Can Get Help	339	(1)
Estimates Of HIV Infection And Future AIDS Cases	340	(4)
HIV/AIDS Data Collection and Deficiencies	341	(1)
Justification for HIV Case Reporting in the United States	342	(2)
United States Estimates Lead to Confusion. Whose Figures Are Correct?: Issues Of Credibility	344	(3)
Shape Of The HIV Pandemic: United States	347	(1)
Shape Of AIDS Pandemic: United States	348	(1)
Estimates Of Deaths And Years Of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS In The United States	348	(2)
No Aids-Related Obituaries: First Time in 17 Years	349	(1)
United States: 778,000 AIDS Cases Beginning 2001	349	(1)
Looking Back 10.1	350	(1)
Who Is Dying Of AIDS?	350	(2)
Life Expectancy	352	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Resources	353	(1)
Review Questions	353	(1)
References	353	(3)
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States	356	(38)
Chapter Concepts	356	(1)
Women And AIDS Worldwide	356	(3)
Africa: Poverty and Rituals Lead to the Spread of HIV	358	(1)
Women: HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States	359	(12)
Profile: Women With HIV/AIDS in the United States	359	(4)
HIV Infection Among Women	363	(1)
Women + Sexual Partners + Deception = AIDS	364	(1)
Special Problems for Heterosexual Women	364	(2)
Gender: A Broad Definition	366	(2)
An AIDS Clinical Drug Trial---By Definition	368	(1)
One Woman's Comments on Her HIV Disease Treatments	369	(1)
Proportion of Women Taking HIV Test	369	(1)
Ruth's Poem	370	(1)
Internet	371	(1)
HIV-Infected Women: Difficult Choices During Pregnancy	372	(1)
Pediatric HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States	372	(10)
Natural Conception in HIV-Negative Women with HIV-Infected Partners	373	(4)
Central America---Honduras	377	(2)
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS	379	(1)
Worldwide: Children with HIV/AIDS	380	(1)
South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki Refuses to Supply Zidovudine to Inhibit Vertical Transmission	381	(1)
Johannesburg, South Africa	382	(1)
Global HIV Infections In Young Adults	382	(2)
AIDS Creating Orphans: Example---Zimbabwe	383	(1)
Teenagers: HIV-Positive And AIDS Cases---United States	384	(5)
Perils of Unsafe Sex	385	(1)
HIV Infected Children: Living Longer---Paying a Price	386	(1)
Britain: Young Adults and Unprotected Sex	387	(1)
Federal Public Health Policy Supports Abstinence-Only Program	387	(1)
HIV Spreading Rapidly Among Teenage Gay Males	388	(1)
Teenagers and HIV/AIDS in Africa	389	(1)
Internet	389	(1)
Other Useful Sources	389	(2)
Thoughts and Comments from a Generation at Risk	390	(1)
Can Life Get Worse than Being Young, Homeless and Dying of Aids?	390	(1)
Summary	391	(1)
Review Questions	391	(1)
References	391	(3)
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus	394	(43)
Chapter Concepts	394	(1)
Determining The Presence Of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present	394	(1)
Annual HIV Testing Day	395	(1)
Requests For HIV Testing	395	(1)
Reasons For HIV Testing	395	(1)
An Assumption of AIDS Without the HIV Test: It Shatters Lives	396
Immunodiagnostic Techniques For Detecting Antibodies to HIV	395	(2)
Looking Back The Miami Herald and Chicago Tribune, 1985 12.1	397	(1)
Elisa HIV-Antibody Test	397	(10)
HIV Testing of Teenagers	399	(2)
Pre-test Patient Information	401	(3)
Improved ELISA Testing, Screening for p24 Antigen, and Blood Donor Interviews Lower HIV in Nation's Blood Supply	404	(2)
The Performance Rate for the Combined ELISA and Western Blot HIV Test	406	(1)
Western Blot Assay	407	(3)
New ELISA Testing Procedures Reveal Early vs. Late HIV Infection	408	(2)
Other Screening And Confirmatory Tests	410	(4)
Some Relative Drawbacks to the Current HIV Screening Test-ELISA/Western Blot	410	(4)
Rapid HIV Testing	414	(2)
Blood Vs. Urine: Outcome of HIV Test May Differ (Discordant Results)	415	(1)
Saliva HIV Test?	416	(1)
Viral Load: Measuring HIV RNA	416	(1)
Viral Load False Positives	417	(1)
Detection Of HIV Infection In Newborns	417	(1)
FDA Approves Two Home HIV-Antibody Test Kits	417	(4)
Discussion of HIV Diagnostic Tests	419	(2)
Reporting HIV Infections	421	(1)
Federal Trade Commission Warns of Poor HIV Home Test Kits	421	(1)
Black Ministers Lead by Example	422	(1)
Who Should Be Tested For HIV Infection?	422	(1)
The Physician's Dilemma	423	(1)
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?	423	(2)
United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Recommendations for HIV Counseling and Voluntary Testing for All Pregnant Women	425	(1)
A Weak Link in HIV Testing	425	(1)
Testing Competency, And Informed Consent	425	(7)
Boxer Stripped of Featherweight Title After Positive HIV Test	426	(2)
Mandatory HIV Testing	428	(2)
Type of Testing Can Foster Medical Care	430	(1)
Florida: Health Care Worker Leaks Confidential HIV Information	431	(1)
Legislature Survey of State Confidentiality Laws	431	(1)
Person-to-Person: Disclosure Of HIV Infection	432	(1)
Summary	432	(2)
Deciding Confidentiality---Is the Majority Right?	433	(1)
Confidentiality and Sexual Partner Betrayal	433	(1)
Review Questions	434	(1)
References	434	(3)
AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior	437	(42)
Chapter Concepts	437	(1)
The New Millennium And HIV/AIDS	437	(1)
HIV/AIDS Is An Unusual Disease	437	(1)
AIDS Is Here to Stay	438	(1)
AIDS	438	(1)
A Mother's Nightmare	438	(1)
Blame Someone, Deja vu	439	(2)
Do People Really Trust Science?	440	(1)
Fear: Panic And Hysteria Over The Spread Of HIV/AIDS In The United States	441	(1)
Actions Of Courage	442	(2)
Examples of Uncontrolled Fear and Hostility	443	(1)
Whom Is The General Public to Believe?	444	(8)
Patsy Clarke's Correspondence with United States Senator Jesse Helms About AIDS	445	(3)
A Southern University Student's Experience	448	(1)
How Some People Responded After Learning That Someone Had AIDS	449	(3)
Hatred Expressed	452	(1)
Newspaper Headline Shocks Readers	452	(1)
AIDS Education And Behavior	452	(10)
When One with AIDS Comes Forth	453	(2)
AIDS Stigma: Changing Attitudes	455	(1)
The Way We Are	456	(1)
The Red Ribbon	457	(1)
Anecdote: Father and Son Exchange Sex Information	457	(1)
Recommended Film: Dawn's Gift	457	(2)
Examples of Adult Reactions to HIV/AIDS vs. the Courts	459	(2)
The Right to Privacy	461	(1)
The Character Of Society	462	(12)
Dealing with Discrimination	467	(11)
HIV Transmitted by Australian Surgeon	478
HIV Transmitted by Australian and French Surgeons	471	(1)
My First AIDS Experience	472	(2)
Current View of Health Care Workers Who Are HIV-Infected	474	(1)
Federal Response to The HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Creation Of An AIDS Industry	474	(2)
United States Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is A Threat to National Security	476	(1)
Summary	476	(1)
Review Questions	477	(1)
References	477	(2)
Epilogue	479	(2)
What A Difference A Decade Makes	479	(2)
Answers to Review Questions	481	(5)
Glossary	486	(8)
Index	494