AIDS Update 2003: An Annual Overview of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

by Stine, Gerald J., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780130475466
• ISBN10: 0130475467
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

AIDS is a devastating world-wide pandemic. During the past two decades, more manpower and money has been spent on HIV and AIDS research, care, and prevention then into any other disease in history. As we enter the 21st century, it is hoped that our efforts will be successful in eradicating this disease. We are continually being bombarded with new theories and courses of treatment, while the public awareness of the disease continually evolves and changes. It is important to understand where we have been in order to understand where we are going with this disease in the new millennium. However, keeping up with and interpreting this information is extremely difficult. AIDS UPDATE 2003 presents a balanced review of the latest information and most important aspects of HIV infection, HIV disease, and AIDS. More important, AIDS UPDATE 2003 places this information within a biological, medical, social, and legal framework so we can more fully understand this devastating modern-day pandemic.

Table of Contents

Chapters conclude with a Summary and Review Questions.
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV/AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt.
1. Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease.

Chapter Concepts. AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome? What Causes AIDS? How Does HIV Cause AIDS? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports. Discovery of the AIDS Virus. Defining the Illness: AIDS Surveillance.

2. What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus.

Chapter Concepts. The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Newsweek Magazine Again! What Do You Believe and Why? Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus. Summary on the Origin of HIV.

3. Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus.

Chapter Concepts. Viruses Need Help. Viruses Are Parasites. Retroviruses. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes. Genetic Revolution. Formation of Genetic Mutations in HIV. Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV. Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins.

4. Anti-HIV Therapy.

Chapter Concepts. Anti-HIV Therapy. Anti-HIV Drugs With FDA Approval. HIV/AIDS Drugs Receiving FDA Approval. FDA-Approved Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors. Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors. Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants. Development of Drug-Resistant Protease Inhibitors. How Combination Drug Therapy can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance. HIV Therapy Cut-Off Points. Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS. Medical Complications Associated With Anti-HIV Drug Therapies. Two Most Sobering Reports on AIDS-Related Deaths. Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy. Protease Inhibitors and Pregnancy. Disclaimer. Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines. Other Organizations and Websites.

5. The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS.

Chapter Concepts. The Immune System/Development of Human Immune System Cells. Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells. Antibodies and Viruses. Antibodies and HIV Disease. Immune System Dysfunction. FUSIN or CXCKR-4 (R4). CC-CKR-5(R-5) Receptor. CCKR-2(R-2) and CCKR-3(R-3) Receptors. Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection. T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression. Impact of T4 Cell Depletion. Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection.

6. Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated with HIV Disease/AIDS.

Chapter Concepts. What is an Opportunistic Disease? The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases. Prophylaxis Against Opportunistic Infections. Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People. TB and HIV. Cancer or Malignancy in AIDS Patients. Neuropathies in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients. Disclaimer. HIV/AIDS Self-Education Quiz.

7. A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS.

Chapter Concepts. HIV Disease Defined. Stages of HIV Disease. HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and AIDS. Aspects of HIV Infection. Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies. Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression. HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System. Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms.

8. Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Chapter Concepts. HIV as a Communicable Disease. We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now! Epidemiology of HIV Infection. Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2). Is HIV Transmitted by Insects? HIV Transmission. HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings. Noncasual Transmission. United States: Heterosexual IDU. Caesarean Section. Public Confidence: Acceptance of Current Dogma on Routes of HIV Transmission. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About HIV and AIDS. National AIDS Resources.

9. Preventing the Transmission of HIV.

Chapter Concepts. Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way to Stop the Spread of AIDS. Global Prevention. Prevention of Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS. Preventing the Transmission of HIV. Behavioral Change. New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex. Male Tolerance to Microbicides. Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics. HIV Prevention for Injection Drug Users. Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission. Infection Control Procedures. Partner Notification. Vaccine Development. Vaccine Production. DNA Vaccine. Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine. Human HIV Vaccine Trials. Update 2001/2002 Vaccinology Breakthrough.

10. Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States and AIDS in Other Countries.

Chapter Concepts. A Word About Data. The Millennium: Year 2003. Formula for Estimating HIV Infections. Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation. Estimates of HIV Infection and Future AIDS Cases. Newly Infected. U.S. Estimates Lead to Confusion. Whose Figures are Correct?: Issues of Credibility. Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States. Shape of AIDS Pandemic: United States. Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States. United States—Who Is Dying of AIDS? Life Expectancy. Connected But Separate. Africa is Dying Through Darwinian Perversion. Workforce—South Africa: Some Examples. Education: Teachers and Students—South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa. Other Time Bombs: China, India, and Russia. Resources.

11. Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States.

Chapter Concepts. Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide. Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States. Internet. Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States. Orphaned Children due to HIV Infection and AIDS. Contacts for Information on Use of Anti-retroviral Drugs During Pregnancy. Global HIV Infections in Young Adults. Teenagers: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases—United States. HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us! Young People and HIV/AIDS Worldwide and in Africa. Internet. Other Useful Sources.

12. Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Chapter Concepts. Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV is Present. Requests for HIV Testing. Reasons for HIV Testing. Avoiding HIV Testing. Immunodiagnostic Techniques for Detecting Antibodies to HIV. ELISA HIV Antibody Test. Western Blot Assay. Other Screening and Confirmatory Tests. Rapid HIV Testing. Viral Load: Measuring HIV RNA. Detection of HIV Infection In Newborns. FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits. Reporting HIV Infections. Who Should be Tested for HIV Infection? Why is HIV Test Information Necessary? Immigration Into the United States. Testing, Competency, and Informed Consent. Person-to-Person: Disclosure of HIV Infection.

13. AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior.

Chapter Concepts. The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is an Unusual Disease. AIDS Is Here to Stay. AIDS. Blame Someone, Deja vu. Fear: Panic and Hysteria Over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Actions of Courage. Whom is the General Public to Believe? AIDS Education and Behavior. The Character of Society. Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry. U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS is a Threat to National Security. Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Under-Developed Nations.

Epilogue.
Answers to Review Questions.
Glossary.
References.
Index.