AIDS Update 2004

by Stine, Gerald J.

• ISBN13: 9780805354539
• ISBN10: 0805354530
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Introduction: Histories of Global Pandemics, World AIDS Conferences, Overview of HIV / AIDS, and the AIDS Quilt	1	(25)
Discovering AIDS, Naming the Disease	26	(8)
AIDS: A Disease or a Syndrome?	26	(1)
What Causes AIDS?	26	(1)
How Does HIV Cause AIDS?	27	(1)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports	28	(1)
Discovery of the AIDS Virus	29	(2)
Defining the Illness: AIDS Surveillance	31	(2)
Summary	33	(1)
Review Questions	33	(1)
What Causes AIDS: Origin of the AIDS Virus	34	(20)
The Cause of AIDS: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	34	(7)
Newsweek Magazine Again!	41	(1)
What Do You Believe and Why?	41	(1)
Evidence That HIV Causes AIDS	41	(3)
Origin of HIV: The AIDS Virus	44	(7)
Summary on the Origin of HIV	51	(1)
Summary	52	(1)
Review Questions	53	(1)
Biological Characteristics of the AIDS Virus	54	(20)
Viruses Need Help	54	(1)
Viruses Are Parasites	55	(1)
Retroviruses	55	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)	56	(5)
Basic Genetic Structure of Retroviral Genomes	61	(5)
Genetic Revolution	66	(1)
Formation of Genetic Mutations in HIV	67	(1)
Formation of Genetic Recombination in HIV	68	(1)
Distinct Genotypes (Subtypes/Clades) of HIV-1 Worldwide Based on ENV and GAG Proteins	69	(4)
Summary	73	(1)
Review Questions	73	(1)
Anti-HIV Therapy	74	(47)
Anti-HIV Therapy	74	(4)
Anti-HIV Drugs With FDA Approval	78	(1)
HIV/AIDS Drugs Receiving FDA Approval	78	(3)
FDA-Approved Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors	81	(2)
Use of Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	83	(1)
FDA-Approved Protease Inhibitors	84	(1)
Protease Inhibitors	84	(2)
Development and Selection of HIV Drug-Resistant Mutants	86	(1)
Development of Drug-Resistant Protease Inhibitors	87	(4)
How Combination Drug Therapy Can Reduce the Chance of HIV Drug Resistance	91	(4)
HIV Therapy Cut-Off Points	95	(1)
Viral Load: Its Relationship to HIV Disease and AIDS	95	(3)
Medical Complications Associated With Anti-HIV Drug Therapies	98	(10)
Two Most Sobering Reports on AIDS-Related Deaths	108	(7)
Pediatric Anti-HIV Therapy	115	(1)
Protease Inhibitors and Pregnancy	115	(1)
Disclaimer	116	(1)
Summary	116	(1)
Some AIDS Therapy Information Hotlines	117	(1)
Other Organizations and Websites	117	(2)
Review Questions	119	(2)
The Immunology of HIV Disease/AIDS	121	(34)
The Immune System	121	(1)
Development of Human Immune System Cells	121	(3)
Human Lymphocytes: T Cells and B Cells	124	(12)
Antibodies and Viruses	136	(2)
Antibodies and HIV Disease	138	(1)
Immune System Dysfunction	139	(4)
FUSIN or CXCKR-4 (R4)	143	(1)
CC-CKR-5(R-5) Receptor	143	(1)
CCKR-2(R-2) and CCKR-3(R-3) Receptors	144	(1)
Genetic Resistance to HIV Infection	144	(3)
T4 Cell Depletion and Immune Suppression	147	(3)
Impact of T4 Cell Depletion	150	(1)
Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV Infection	150	(3)
Summary	153	(1)
Review Questions	153	(2)
Opportunistic Infections and Cancers Associated With HIV Disease/AIDS	155	(25)
What Is an Opportunistic Disease?	155	(1)
The Prevalence of Opportunistic Diseases	155	(1)
Prophylaxis Against Opportunistic Infections	156	(1)
Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected People	156	(16)
TB and HIV	172	(1)
Cancer or Malignancy in AIDS Patients	172	(5)
Neuropathies in HIV Disease/AIDS Patients	177	(1)
Disclaimer	177	(1)
Summary	177	(1)
Review Questions	178	(1)
HIV/AIDS Self-Evaluation/Education Quiz	179	(1)
A Profile of Biological Indicators for HIV Disease and Progression to AIDS	180	(28)
HIV Disease Defined	180	(2)
Stages of HIV Disease	182	(9)
HIV Disease Without Symptoms, With Symptoms, and AIDS	191	(2)
Aspects of HIV Infection	193	(1)
Production of HIV-Specific Antibodies	194	(3)
Prognostic Biological Markers Related to AIDS Progression	197	(7)
HIV Infection of the Central Nervous System	204	(2)
Pediatric Clinical Signs and Symptoms	206	(1)
Summary	206	(1)
Review Questions	207	(1)
Epidemiology and Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus	208	(53)
HIV as a Communicable Disease	209	(1)
We Must Stop HIV Transmission Now!	210	(1)
Epidemiology of HIV Infection	210	(1)
Transmission of Two Strains of HIV (HIV-1/HIV-2)	211	(1)
Is HIV Transmitted by Insects?	212	(1)
HIV Transmission	212	(1)
HIV Transmission in Family/Household Settings	213	(1)
Noncasual Transmission	214	(24)
United States: Heterosexual IDU	238	(15)
Caesarean Section	253	(1)
Public Confidence: Acceptance of Current Dogma on Routes of HIV Transmission	253	(4)
Frequently Asked Questions About HIV and AIDS	257	(1)
National AIDS Resources	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Review Questions	259	(2)
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	261	(60)
Prevention, Not Treatment, Is the Least Expensive and Most Effective Way To Stop the Spread of HIV/AIDS	261	(1)
Global Prevention	261	(2)
Prevention of Infectious Diseases	263	(2)
Preventing the Transmission of HIV	265	(5)
Behavioral Change	270	(4)
New Rules to an Old Game: Promoting Safer Sex	274	(17)
Injection Drug Use and HIV Transmission: The Twin Epidemics	291	(1)
HIV Prevention for Injection Drug Users	291	(6)
Prevention of Blood and Blood Product HIV Transmission	297	(1)
Infection Control Procedures	298	(4)
Partner Notification	302	(3)
Vaccine Development	305	(3)
Types of Experimental HIV Vaccines	308	(1)
DNA Vaccine	309	(2)
Problems in the Search for HIV Vaccine	311	(3)
Human HIV Vaccine Trials	314	(1)
Update on Vaccinology Breakthroughs	315	(3)
Summary	318	(1)
Review Questions	319	(2)
Prevalence of HIV Infections, AIDS Cases, and Deaths Among Select Groups in the United States and AIDS in Other Countries	321	(48)
A Word About Data	322	(3)
The Millennium: Year 2004	325	(2)
Formula for Estimating HIV Infections	327	(1)
Behavioral Risk Groups and Statistical Evaluation	327	(15)
Estimates of HIV Infection and Future AIDS Cases	342	(2)
Newly Infected	344	(2)
Issues of Credibility in U.S. Estimates	346	(2)
Shape of the HIV Pandemic: United States	348	(1)
Shape of AIDS Pandemic: United States	349	(1)
Estimates of Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost Due to AIDS in the United States	349	(6)
United States---Who Is Dying of AIDS?	355	(1)
Life Expectancy	356	(1)
Connected But Separate	356	(3)
Africa Is Dying Through Darwinian Pervention	359	(2)
Workforce---South Africa: Some Examples	361	(1)
Education: Teachers and Students---South Africa and Some Countries in Southern Africa	361	(1)
Other HIV/AIDS Time Bombs: India, China, and Russia	362	(4)
Summary	366	(1)
Resources	367	(1)
Review Questions	367	(2)
Prevalence of HIV Infection and AIDS Cases Among Women, Children, and Teenagers in the United States	369	(44)
Women: AIDS and HIV Infections Worldwide	370	(2)
Women: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases---United States	372	(12)
Internet	384	(2)
Pediatric HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases---United States	386	(2)
Orphaned Children Due to HIV Infection and AIDS	388	(12)
Contacts for Information on Use of Anti-retroviral Drugs During Pregnancy	400	(1)
Global HIV Infections in Young Adults	400	(2)
Teenagers: HIV-Positive and AIDS Cases---United States	402	(1)
HIV/AIDS Won't Affect Us!	403	(4)
Young People and HIV/AIDS Worldwide and in Africa	407	(3)
Summary	410	(1)
Internet	411	(1)
Other Useful Sources	411	(1)
Review Questions	411	(2)
Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus	413	(43)
Determining the Presence of Antibody Produced When HIV Is Present	414	(1)
Requests for HIV Testing	414	(1)
Reasons for HIV Testing	414	(1)
Avoiding HIV Testing	415	(1)
Immunodiagnostic Techniques for Detecting Antibodies to HIV	415	(1)
ELISA HIV Antibody Test	416	(9)
Western Blot Assay	425	(4)
Other Screening and Confirmatory Tests	429	(4)
Rapid HIV Testing	433	(3)
Viral Load: Measuring HIV RNA	436	(1)
Detection of HIV Infection in Newborns	437	(2)
FDA Approves Two Home HIV Antibody Test Kits	439	(1)
Reporting HIV Infections	440	(1)
Who Should Be Tested for HIV Infection?	441	(2)
Why Is HIV Test Information Necessary?	443	(1)
Immigration into the United States	444	(2)
Testing, Competency, and Informed Consent	446	(6)
Person-to-Person: Disclosure of HIV Infection	452	(2)
Summary	454	(1)
Review Questions	454	(2)
AIDS and Society: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior	456	(52)
The New Millennium and HIV/AIDS	456	(1)
HIV/AIDS Is an Unusual Social Disease	457	(1)
AIDS Is Here To Stay	458	(1)
AIDS	458	(1)
Blame Someone, Deja Vu	458	(1)
Fear: Panic and Hysteria over the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the United States	459	(2)
Actions of Courage	461	(1)
Whom Is the General Public To Believe?	461	(6)
AIDS Education and Behavior	467	(11)
The Character of Society	478	(12)
Federal and Private Sector Financing: Creation of an AIDS Industry	490	(5)
U.S. Government Believes HIV/AIDS Is a Threat to National Security	495	(1)
Global HIV/AIDS Funding for Underdeveloped Nations	495	(11)
Summary	506	(1)
Review Questions	507	(1)
Epilogue	508	(2)
Answers to Review Questions	510	(9)
Glossary	519	(8)
References	527	(24)
Index	551